All the following are recognized in autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) truancy. Truancy is not a recognized characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A) The presence of 3 grades of severity is a recognized feature of ASD, with individuals falling along a spectrum that ranges from mild to severe in terms of symptoms and impairments. B) While individuals with ASD may struggle with certain social and communication skills, they may exhibit superior intellectual functioning in specific areas, such as math or music. This is known as "splinter skills" or "islets of ability". C) Motor deficits are commonly seen in individuals with ASD, including challenges with coordination, motor planning, and fine motor skills. Educational context: Understanding the characteristics of ASD is crucial for pediatric nurses as they may encounter children with this condition in their practice. By recognizing the features of ASD, nurses can provide appropriate care and support to these individuals and their families. Truancy, which is not a recognized feature of ASD, should not be assumed to be related to the condition without further assessment and consideration of other factors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding multiple gestation pregnancies is crucial for providing comprehensive care to mothers and infants. In this question, option D is the correct answer because stating that "the overall incidence of multifetal gestation is unchanged" is incorrect. The incidence of multifetal gestation has been increasing due to factors like advanced maternal age and assisted reproductive technologies. Option A is incorrect because the reported incidence of spontaneous twinning is actually highest in the African races, not lowest in Asian races. Option B is incorrect as the estimated occurrence of triplets is 1 in 8,100 pregnancies in the USA, not 1 in 86². Option C is incorrect because the incidence of monozygotic twins can be influenced by factors such as assisted reproductive technologies and genetic predisposition. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of accurate knowledge in pediatric nursing, especially concerning high-risk pregnancies. Nurses need to be well-versed in the latest data and trends to provide evidence-based care to mothers and infants during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum periods, particularly in cases of multiple gestation pregnancies. Understanding these nuances helps nurses deliver safe and effective care to ensure optimal outcomes for both the mother and her infants.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of prematurity is a common condition in premature infants due to the fragility of their blood vessels. The correct answer, B) MRI is the preferred imaging technique for screening IVH, is the exception because cranial ultrasound is actually the preferred imaging modality for IVH screening in premature infants due to its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and lack of radiation exposure. Option A) is true because IVH in premature infants often occurs spontaneously due to the underdeveloped blood vessels in the brain. Option C) is also true because prophylactic administration of low-dose indomethacin has been shown to reduce the incidence of severe IVH in premature infants. Option D) is false because while some infants with IVH may be asymptomatic, many present with clinical symptoms such as feeding difficulties, lethargy, seizures, and abnormal neurological signs. From an educational standpoint, understanding IVH in premature infants is crucial for nurses working in neonatal care settings. Knowing the risk factors, presentation, diagnostic methods, and management of IVH is essential for providing quality care to these vulnerable patients. It is important to emphasize the significance of early detection and appropriate interventions to prevent complications associated with IVH in premature infants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, the correct answer, which is D, states that vitamin A supplementation given to infants <1,000 g does not decrease the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This is because ECMO is a life-saving intervention typically used in severe cases of respiratory failure and not directly influenced by vitamin A supplementation. Option A, B, and C are incorrect because vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease mortality rates, reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and lower the risk of nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants. These benefits are well-documented in research studies and clinical practice, highlighting the importance of vitamin A in improving outcomes for premature infants. Educationally, understanding the effects of vitamin A supplementation in preterm infants is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a key role in providing care to this vulnerable population. By knowing the benefits and limitations of interventions such as vitamin A supplementation, nurses can ensure evidence-based practice and optimize the care provided to preterm infants to promote better health outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Eventration of the diaphragm is a condition where the muscle of the diaphragm is thinned out, leading to a higher risk of herniation of abdominal organs into the chest cavity. In this context, it is important to understand why each choice is either associated or not associated with eventration. A) Pulmonary hypoplasia is a condition where the lungs have not developed fully. In the case of eventration of the diaphragm, there may be a limitation in lung expansion due to abnormal diaphragmatic movement, which can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia. B) Pulmonary sequestration is an unrelated condition where a piece of lung tissue is separated from the normal lung tissue and supplied by an aberrant systemic artery. It is not directly related to eventration of the diaphragm, making it the correct answer in this scenario. C) Chromosomal trisomies, such as Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), can be associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia but not necessarily with eventration of the diaphragm. D) Recurrent infections are not directly associated with eventration of the diaphragm but may occur due to compromised respiratory function resulting from this condition. In an educational context, understanding the associations and implications of conditions like eventration of the diaphragm is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients. By knowing the potential complications and comorbidities, nurses can anticipate and manage the needs of these patients effectively.