All the following are parasomniac disorders EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this pediatric ATI practice question, the correct answer is D) nightmare. A nightmare is not classified as a parasomniac disorder because it occurs during REM sleep and is considered a type of dream disturbance rather than a behavioral disorder like the other options. Sleepwalking (A), also known as somnambulism, involves performing complex behaviors while still asleep. Sleepterror (B), or night terrors, are characterized by sudden awakening from sleep with intense fear or agitation. Confusional arousal (C) is a disorder where a child acts confused or disoriented upon waking from sleep. Understanding the differences between parasomniac disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing practice as they can have significant impacts on a child's well-being and development. Educating parents about these disorders can help them better support and manage their child's sleep disturbances. By knowing the distinctions, healthcare providers can accurately assess, diagnose, and intervene in these conditions, promoting better sleep hygiene and overall health for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option B: "He is expected to grow about 2 inches per year from ages 6 to 9." This answer is correct because children typically experience a gradual growth rate during this age range. It is important for the nurse to provide this information to the mother to help manage her expectations regarding her son's growth trajectory. Option A suggests a higher growth rate of 3 inches per year, which is not typically seen in children of this age. Exaggerating the expected growth rate could lead to undue stress or unrealistic expectations for the child and his family. Option C, recommending an evaluation by an endocrinologist for growth hormone injections, is premature at this stage. It is important to first monitor the child's growth pattern over time before considering such interventions. Option D, suggesting a re-evaluation of growth at age 7, does not provide the mother with helpful guidance on what to expect or how to support her child's growth in the meantime. Educationally, understanding typical growth patterns in children is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Providing accurate information and guidance to parents can help alleviate concerns and ensure appropriate monitoring of the child's development.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of testicular torsion, the correct answer is A) Twisting of the spermatic cord interrupts the blood supply. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency where the spermatic cord becomes twisted, leading to a compromised blood flow to the testicle. This lack of blood supply can result in severe pain, swelling, and potential tissue damage due to ischemia. Option B) Swelling of the scrotum displaces the testis is incorrect because the swelling itself is a consequence of the torsion, not the cause. Option C) Unmanaged undescended testes cause displacement is incorrect as undescended testes, while a separate condition, do not directly lead to testicular torsion. Option D) Microthrombi in the cord cause blockage is also incorrect as testicular torsion is primarily due to the physical twisting of the cord, not the formation of microthrombi. Educationally, understanding the etiology of testicular torsion is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Prompt recognition and management of testicular torsion are essential to prevent potential long-term complications like testicular infarction. This knowledge is vital in clinical settings to ensure timely intervention and preservation of testicular function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of treating generalized spasticity, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of action of different medications to ensure effective management. In this case, the correct answer is A) dantrolene sodium. Dantrolene sodium works at the level of skeletal muscle by directly blocking calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This action leads to muscle relaxation, making it an effective treatment for spasticity. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: - B) Clonidine acts centrally by stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain and spinal cord, leading to reduced sympathetic outflow. While it may help with spasticity in some cases, it does not directly target skeletal muscle calcium release like dantrolene sodium. - C) Tizanidine also acts centrally by stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to reduce spasticity through its effects on the spinal cord. It does not work at the level of skeletal muscle like dantrolene sodium. - D) Baclofen acts as a GABA-B receptor agonist in the spinal cord, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release. While effective for spasticity, it does not target calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Educationally, understanding the specific mechanisms of action of medications used in treating spasticity is essential for healthcare providers caring for pediatric patients. This knowledge helps in selecting the most appropriate treatment based on the underlying pathophysiology, leading to better outcomes for the child.