All the following are parasomniac disorders EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is option D) nightmare. The rationale behind this is that nightmares are not considered parasomniac disorders. Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Option A) sleepwalking, Option B) sleepterror, and Option C) confusional arousal are all examples of parasomniac disorders. Sleepwalking involves walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep. Sleepterrors are episodes of intense fear, screaming, and flailing while still asleep. Confusional arousal is a sleep disorder characterized by partial awakening and appearing confused or disoriented. It is important for pediatric nurses to understand these distinctions in order to accurately assess and manage pediatric patients with sleep disorders. By recognizing the different types of parasomnias, nurses can provide appropriate education to families, implement safety measures, and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to develop comprehensive care plans for children experiencing these sleep disturbances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that the blood lead level that may cause learning problems is 5 to 10 μg/dL. This level is considered to be harmful to children as it can lead to cognitive and developmental issues. Children are more vulnerable to the effects of lead exposure due to their developing brains and bodies. Option A (1 to 5¼g/dL) is too low to cause significant learning problems according to CDC guidelines. Option C (10 to 15¼g/dL) and Option D (15 to 20¼g/dL) are higher levels of lead exposure that pose even greater risks to children's health and development, including severe cognitive impairments, behavioral issues, and physical symptoms like anemia. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the CDC recommendations on lead exposure levels is crucial for early identification and intervention to prevent long-term health consequences in children. Nurses play a key role in educating families about lead poisoning prevention, screening, and management strategies to promote child health and well-being. By knowing the correct lead levels that may cause learning problems, pediatric nurses can advocate for appropriate testing and interventions to protect children from the harmful effects of lead exposure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) have the mother administer water or milk and bring the child in for esophagoscopy. In cases of ingestion of a caustic substance like drain cleaner, immediate dilution with water or milk is crucial to minimize damage to the esophagus and stomach. Bringing the child in for esophagoscopy allows for direct visualization of the extent of injury and appropriate treatment. Option A is incorrect because citrus juices can worsen the damage by causing further irritation. Option B is incorrect as waiting for 2 hours can lead to more severe consequences from the caustic substance. Option D is incorrect as bitter taste does not indicate the absence of harm from ingestion. In pediatric nursing, it is vital to act swiftly and correctly in cases of poisoning to prevent long-term complications. Understanding the appropriate interventions for different types of ingestions is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers to ensure the best outcomes for the child's health and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding teratogens is crucial as they are agents that can cause birth defects in developing fetuses. In this question, the correct answer is D) hypothermia. Hypothermia is not a recognizable teratogen in the traditional sense. While extreme cold temperatures can have negative effects on fetal health, hypothermia itself is not typically classified as a teratogen. A) Ethanol is a well-known teratogen and exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. B) Antiepileptic medications can also be teratogenic and may pose risks to the developing fetus. C) Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and contracting this infection during pregnancy can result in congenital toxoplasmosis, which can have serious consequences for the fetus. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to identify teratogens and understand their potential impact on fetal development. By knowing which substances or factors are teratogenic, nurses can educate pregnant women on how to avoid exposure and promote a healthy environment for fetal growth and development. Understanding teratogens also enables nurses to provide appropriate care and support to mothers and infants who may have been exposed to these harmful agents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) sleep-onset association disorder. This disorder is characterized by a baby needing a specific condition, in this case being rocked, to fall asleep. This association can disrupt the baby's ability to self-soothe and fall asleep independently. Option A) early signs of ADHD is incorrect because needing to be rocked to sleep is not a recognized early sign of ADHD in a 4-month-old infant. ADHD typically presents with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are not related to sleep behaviors. Option B) primary restless legs syndrome is incorrect as this condition is more commonly seen in older children or adults and is characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs that worsen at rest, not specifically related to needing to be rocked to sleep. Option C) sleep terrors is incorrect as this disorder involves partial awakening during non-REM sleep with intense fear or agitation, usually occurring in older children, not typically in infants who need to be rocked to sleep. Educationally, understanding common sleep disorders in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers working with infants and young children. Recognizing sleep-onset association disorder can help caregivers implement appropriate sleep training techniques to promote healthy sleep habits in infants, leading to better overall sleep quality and development.