All the following are parasomniac disorders EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding sleep disorders is crucial for providing optimal care to children. The correct answer is D) nightmare because nightmares are not classified as parasomniac disorders. Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Sleepwalking (A), sleep terror (B), and confusional arousal (C) are all examples of parasomniac disorders. Sleepwalking involves walking or performing other complex behaviors while still asleep. Sleep terror, also known as night terrors, involves intense fear, screaming, and thrashing while still in a state of deep sleep. Confusional arousal is a sleep disorder that involves partial arousal during sleep, leading to confusion and disorientation. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to differentiate between various sleep disorders, including parasomnias, to accurately assess, diagnose, and intervene in pediatric patients' sleep-related issues. Understanding the nuances of each disorder helps in providing appropriate education and support to families dealing with these conditions. This knowledge is essential for promoting healthy sleep patterns and overall well-being in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding recommended blood lead levels is crucial in identifying and preventing potential health risks in children. The correct answer is B) 5 to 10 μg/dL, as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. This range is significant because it indicates the level at which lead exposure may start to cause learning problems in children. Option A) 1 to 5¼g/dL is too low to typically cause learning problems according to CDC guidelines. Option C) 10 to 15¼g/dL and Option D) 15 to 20¼g/dL are higher levels where lead exposure is more likely to cause significant health issues beyond just learning problems. In an educational context, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be aware of these specific blood lead level ranges to assess, educate, and advocate for children's health. By understanding the CDC recommendations, nurses can intervene early, provide appropriate guidance to families, and collaborate with healthcare providers to minimize the impact of lead exposure on children's development and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) have the mother administer water or milk and bring the child in for esophagoscopy. In the case of ingestion of a caustic substance like drain cleaner, it is crucial to dilute and neutralize the substance to minimize damage to the esophagus and stomach. Water or milk helps to dilute the substance, while bringing the child in for an esophagoscopy allows for direct visualization of the extent of injury and appropriate treatment. Option A is incorrect as citrus juices like lemon or orange juice can actually worsen the injury by further irritating the mucosa. Option B is also incorrect as waiting for 2 hours can lead to continued damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Option D is incorrect as the bitterness of the crystals does not correlate with the severity of injury caused by the caustic substance. From an educational standpoint, this scenario highlights the importance of prompt and appropriate action in cases of pediatric ingestions, especially with caustic substances. Understanding the correct steps to take in such emergencies can prevent serious complications and guide healthcare professionals in providing optimal care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding teratogens is crucial to ensuring the health and well-being of the developing fetus. In this question, the correct answer is D) hypothermia, which is not a recognizable teratogen. Hypothermia is a condition characterized by low body temperature and does not have the direct teratogenic effects on fetal development like the other options. A) Ethanol is a well-known teratogen that can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. B) Antiepileptic medications can be teratogenic and may pose risks to the developing fetus. C) Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is also a recognized teratogen that can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing teratogens and their potential impact on fetal development. Nurses must be knowledgeable about substances and conditions that can harm the fetus to provide proper education and care to pregnant individuals. Understanding teratogens helps in preventing potential birth defects and promoting healthy pregnancies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) sleep-onset association disorder. This disorder occurs when a baby associates falling asleep with being rocked, fed, or some other external factor. As a result, they are unable to self-soothe and fall asleep independently, leading to disruptions in sleep patterns. This behavioral sleep disorder is quite common in infants who require external cues to fall asleep, like being rocked. Option A) early signs of ADHD is incorrect because the behavior described is more indicative of a sleep disorder rather than ADHD, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder with distinct symptoms. Option B) primary restless legs syndrome is incorrect as it is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move legs, particularly at night, which is not the case in the scenario provided. Option C) sleep terrors is incorrect as it involves partial awakening during non-REM sleep, usually occurring in older children and not typically seen in infants. In the field of pediatric nursing, understanding common sleep disorders in infants is crucial for providing appropriate care and guidance to parents. Educating families on healthy sleep habits, including promoting self-soothing techniques, can help prevent and manage sleep-onset association disorder in infants. By differentiating between various sleep disorders, nurses can effectively assess, intervene, and support families in promoting optimal sleep hygiene for infants.