All the following are first-line treatment of diaper dermatitis EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, diaper dermatitis is a common condition that requires appropriate management. The first-line treatments focus on maintaining a dry and clean diaper area to promote healing and prevent further irritation. Option A, frequent diaper changes, is crucial in preventing prolonged exposure to moisture and irritants, which can exacerbate diaper rash. Option B, increasing diaper-free period, allows the skin to breathe and reduces friction, aiding in the healing process. Option C, frequent bathing, helps in cleaning the area and keeping it free from irritants. The correct answer, option D, antifungal treatment, is not typically a first-line treatment for diaper dermatitis unless there is a confirmed fungal infection. In most cases, diaper dermatitis is caused by irritation and moisture, making antifungal treatment unnecessary as an initial intervention. Educationally, understanding the appropriate first-line treatments for diaper dermatitis is essential for pediatric nurses to provide effective care for infants and children. By recognizing the importance of maintaining a dry and clean diaper area, nurses can help prevent and manage diaper dermatitis efficiently, ensuring the well-being of their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions, understanding the potential causes of hirsutism is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. Hirsutism, the abnormal growth of hair in areas where hair growth is normally minimal or absent, can be caused by various factors, including medications. The correct answer, option B (acetazolamide), does not typically cause hirsutism. Acetazolamide is a diuretic primarily used to treat glaucoma and altitude sickness, and it is not commonly associated with hirsutism as a side effect. Option A (hydrochlorothiazide) is a diuretic that can cause hirsutism as a side effect due to its hormonal effects on the body. Option C (cyclophosphamide) is a chemotherapy drug that can lead to hirsutism as a side effect, as it can disrupt normal cell growth processes, affecting hair growth. Option D (anabolic steroids) are known to cause hirsutism due to their androgenic effects, leading to excessive hair growth. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of medications commonly used in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to anticipate and manage potential complications. By knowing which medications may cause hirsutism, nurses can monitor patients effectively, report any concerning symptoms to the healthcare team, and provide appropriate education to patients and families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Yersinia. Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant smooth muscle tumor that can occur in the genitourinary system, particularly in the bladder and uterus. Yersinia is a genus of bacteria known to cause infections in humans, including Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. While the exact pathogenesis of leiomyosarcoma is not fully understood, some studies suggest a potential correlation between Yersinia infection and the development of leiomyosarcoma. Option A) Epstein-Barr virus is not associated with leiomyosarcoma. Epstein-Barr virus is linked to certain types of cancers, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but not leiomyosarcoma. Option B) Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterium that commonly causes respiratory tract infections and is not linked to leiomyosarcoma. Option D) Nocardia is a genus of bacteria that can cause a variety of infections in humans, but there is no known correlation between Nocardia infection and leiomyosarcoma. In an educational context, understanding the potential etiology and risk factors for leiomyosarcoma is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in pediatric genitourinary nursing. It highlights the importance of recognizing possible infectious triggers for certain malignancies and underscores the need for further research in this area to improve diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: An imperforate hymen is a congenital condition where the hymen completely obstructs the vaginal opening, leading to menstrual blood accumulation in the vagina. The correct answer, option D, stating that it cannot be diagnosed in the newborn period, is accurate. Imperforate hymen is typically not diagnosed at birth because it does not present with immediate symptoms. Option A, stating an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,000, is a common occurrence in clinical practice, making it a plausible statement. Option B, normal secondary sex characters, is incorrect as imperforate hymen can lead to cyclic abdominal pain and distension due to the retention of menstrual blood. Option C, stating it is more often diagnosed at the time of menarche, is also incorrect as symptoms may present earlier, such as cyclic abdominal pain or urinary retention. Educationally, it is crucial for pediatric nurses to understand the signs and symptoms of imperforate hymen to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention. By recognizing the condition promptly, healthcare providers can prevent complications such as hematocolpos or hematometra. Nurses should educate both patients and caregivers about the importance of seeking medical attention for any abnormal genital symptoms to ensure timely management and prevent long-term consequences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) None of the above. The patient's presentation with fever, chills, myalgias, red urine, elevated BUN, creatinine, positive hemoglobin, and the presence of WBCs and RBCs in the urine are indicative of acute kidney injury (AKI) rather than any of the specific conditions listed in the options. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis typically presents with edema, hypertension, and cola-colored urine following a streptococcal infection, which is not evident in this case. Lupus nephritis is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and would present with a history of autoimmune symptoms and characteristic lupus rash, which are not described here. Nephrotic syndrome usually presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia, none of which are mentioned in the patient's presentation. This case highlights the importance of considering a broad range of differential diagnoses based on the patient's clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and associated symptoms. It also underscores the need for a thorough assessment and interpretation of patient data to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. Understanding the distinguishing features of various genitourinary conditions in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to deliver effective care and interventions.