All the following are components of cold water shock resulting from immersion in cold water EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) hypertension. Cold water shock is a physiological response that occurs when a person is suddenly immersed in cold water. This response includes several components such as hyperventilation, decreased breath-holding ability, and ectopics (irregular heartbeats). Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is not typically a component of cold water shock. Instead, the body's response to cold water immersion usually involves a rapid increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction to conserve heat and maintain core body temperature. Understanding the components of cold water shock is important for healthcare providers, particularly in pediatric nursing, where accidental drowning incidents can occur. By recognizing the symptoms and understanding the body's response to cold water immersion, nurses can provide appropriate care and interventions to prevent complications and promote positive outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is option D: begin resuscitation with rescue breaths and chest compressions. In this scenario, the patient is in cardiac arrest with fixed dilated pupils, deep coma, apnea, and pulselessness due to hypothermia from near-drowning in icy water. The priority is to initiate basic life support measures immediately. Option A is incorrect because it is essential to attempt resuscitation in cases of cardiac arrest, as death is not pronounced until efforts to resuscitate have been unsuccessful. Option B is incorrect because waiting for the core temperature to reach above 32°C before initiating CPR can lead to further irreversible damage. Option C is also incorrect as epinephrine, atropine, and defibrillation are not the initial interventions in pediatric hypothermic cardiac arrest. Educationally, it is crucial to understand the unique considerations in pediatric resuscitation, especially in cases of hypothermia. Prompt recognition and initiation of basic life support measures can significantly impact the chances of survival and minimize neurological sequelae in pediatric patients. It is essential for healthcare providers to be well-versed in the appropriate algorithms and interventions for pediatric resuscitation to optimize outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding scald burns is crucial due to the vulnerability of children to such injuries. The correct answer, B) Scald burns generally are not lethal, is supported by the fact that scald burns can indeed be lethal, especially in severe cases where a large area of the body is affected or if the burns are deep. This knowledge is vital for nurses to prioritize appropriate and timely interventions in the care of pediatric patients with scald burns. Option A, Water at a temperature of 150°F produces a full-thickness burn in 2 seconds, is incorrect because water at this temperature can cause a full-thickness burn in just 1 second, emphasizing the importance of preventing exposure to hot water in pediatric environments. Option C, New water heaters should be set at 125°F, is incorrect as the recommended temperature setting for water heaters to prevent scald burns in children is actually 120°F to 130°F. Setting the water heater at 125°F may still pose a risk of scald burns to children. Option D, Scald burns in a splash pattern suggest child abuse, is incorrect because while scald burns in unusual patterns can raise suspicions of abuse, they can also occur accidentally in various scenarios like spills or accidents in the home. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of accurate knowledge regarding scald burns in pediatric nursing practice. Nurses need to be able to assess the severity of burns, provide appropriate care, and educate families on prevention strategies to ensure the safety and well-being of children.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most important risk factor for the development of serious youth violence in the 14-year-old boy is having antisocial delinquent friends (Option C). This is because peer influence plays a significant role in shaping behaviors during adolescence. The boy is at higher risk of engaging in serious violence if he is surrounded by friends who exhibit antisocial behaviors, as he may be more likely to mimic their actions or be pressured into risky behaviors. Substance abuse (Option B) is a significant risk factor for various negative outcomes in adolescents, including violence, but in this case, the influence of delinquent friends is considered the most important factor. Male gender (Option A) is a demographic factor that may contribute to a higher overall risk of violence in adolescence, but it is not as influential as the immediate social environment of having delinquent friends. Low IQ (Option D) may impact decision-making and problem-solving abilities, but in the context of serious youth violence, the influence of peer relationships on behavior is considered a more critical factor. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the social determinants of behavior in adolescents. It emphasizes the significant impact that peer relationships can have on shaping behaviors and the need for interventions that address both individual risk factors and social influences in preventing youth violence.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Wear and tear of cartilage. Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints over time due to wear and tear. Cartilage serves as a cushion between the bones in a joint, and when it deteriorates, it leads to pain, swelling, and difficulty in movement typical of osteoarthritis. Option A) Autoimmune reaction is incorrect because osteoarthritis is not an autoimmune disease. It is a degenerative joint disease. Option B) Infection is incorrect as infections typically cause a different type of arthritis called infectious arthritis, which is caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi invading the joint. Option D) Genetic predisposition is incorrect because while genetics can play a role in increasing the risk of developing osteoarthritis, it is not the primary cause. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices also contribute significantly to its development. In an educational context, understanding the primary cause of osteoarthritis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric nursing, as they work with children who may have conditions affecting their joints. Knowing the etiology of osteoarthritis helps in providing appropriate care, education, and support to patients and their families to manage the condition effectively.