All the following are characteristic features of separation anxiety disorder EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Separation anxiety disorder is a common mental health disorder in children characterized by excessive anxiety when separated from primary caregivers. The correct answer, "D) not reported in children above 8 years of age," is right because separation anxiety disorder can persist beyond childhood into adolescence and even adulthood. This disorder is not limited by age but can vary in intensity and presentation throughout an individual's life. Option A, "not manifested below 3 years of age," is incorrect because separation anxiety disorder can indeed manifest in children younger than 3 years old. It is developmentally appropriate for infants and toddlers to experience separation anxiety. However, when this anxiety becomes excessive and persistent, it may indicate a disorder. Option B, "common up to 5% of children," is incorrect as well. Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders, affecting around 4-5% of children. Therefore, this option is actually consistent with the prevalence rates of the disorder. Option C, "girls are more affected than boys," is also incorrect. While there may be a slight gender difference in prevalence rates, with girls being slightly more affected in some studies, the overall difference is not substantial enough to be considered a defining characteristic of the disorder. In an educational context, understanding the characteristics and age range of separation anxiety disorder is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing the typical onset, prevalence, gender distribution, and age range of the disorder, nurses can effectively assess, diagnose, and intervene to support children and families experiencing separation anxiety. It is important for nurses to be aware that this disorder can persist into older age groups and not dismiss symptoms based on age alone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) congenital anomalies. Neonatal mortality refers to the death of a newborn within the first 28 days of life. Congenital anomalies, which are present at birth, are a major cause of neonatal mortality in full-term newborns. These anomalies can affect various organs and systems in the body, leading to life-threatening conditions. Option A) respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is more commonly seen in premature infants due to immature lungs that lack surfactant. While RDS can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, it is less common in full-term newborns. Option B) necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal emergency that primarily affects premature infants. Full-term newborns are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants. Option C) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who require mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. Full-term newborns are not as predisposed to developing BPD as preterm infants. Educationally, understanding the major causes of neonatal mortality is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care and support to newborns and their families. Recognizing the specific risk factors associated with full-term newborns can help nurses anticipate and address potential complications early, ultimately improving outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question regarding true umbilical cord knots, the correct answer is A) short cord. The presence of true umbilical cord knots is indeed associated with various adverse outcomes, including fetal demise. However, a short cord is not typically associated with the formation of true knots. A true umbilical cord knot forms when the fetus moves through a loop in the umbilical cord, causing a knot to develop. This is more likely to occur in situations where there is excess cord length (long cord) rather than a short cord. Small fetal size and polyhydramnios are also not directly linked to the formation of true knots in the umbilical cord. Understanding these associations is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for newborns and infants who may have had complications during the prenatal period. By recognizing the implications of true umbilical cord knots, nurses can provide appropriate care and support to affected infants and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding cephalohematoma is crucial for providing quality care to infants. In this question, option B is the correct answer because cephalohematoma does not extend across suture lines. Cephalohematoma is a collection of blood between a baby's skull and the periosteum and is limited by suture lines. Option A is incorrect because cephalohematoma is indeed a subperiosteal hemorrhage, which means bleeding underneath the periosteum. Option C is also incorrect as cephalohematoma occurs in approximately 2-3% of live births, not 1-2%. Option D is incorrect because an underlying skull fracture is associated with only a small percentage of cephalohematoma cases, typically around 10-25%. Educationally, knowing these details about cephalohematoma is important for pediatric nurses as they assess and care for infants. Understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and potential complications associated with conditions like cephalohematoma ensures that nurses can provide accurate assessments and interventions for their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and neonatal care, the correct answer is D) reduces bronco-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) rates. Prophylactic and rescue administrations of synthetic and natural surfactants in neonates primarily aim to improve respiratory function and outcomes. While surfactant therapy is effective in reducing adverse outcomes, neonatal mortality, and decreasing the risk for pneumothorax by improving lung compliance and reducing atelectasis, it is not primarily targeted at reducing BPD rates. Reducing BPD rates involves a multifaceted approach that includes strategies beyond surfactant therapy, such as minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury, promoting early extubation, and providing optimal nutrition to promote lung growth and development. In an educational context, understanding the specific goals and limitations of surfactant therapy in neonatal care is crucial for pediatric nurses. It enables them to provide evidence-based care, monitor outcomes effectively, and collaborate with the interprofessional team to optimize the care of critically ill neonates. By grasping the distinct advantages and limitations of surfactant therapy, nurses can contribute to improved patient outcomes and quality of care in neonatal settings.