All of these are accessory muscles of inspiration except which of the following?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Internal intercostals. The internal intercostal muscles are accessory muscles of expiration, not inspiration. During inspiration, the primary muscles involved are the diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene muscles, and sternocleidomastoid. The pectoralis major and trapezius are not directly involved in the mechanics of inspiration. Therefore, the internal intercostals are the only incorrect choice as they are expiratory muscles, not inspiratory.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increased systolic contractility. When the end-diastolic volume increases, the heart compensates by increasing systolic contractility to maintain cardiac output. This allows the heart to pump out more blood with each contraction, ensuring adequate circulation. Increased peripheral resistance (A) would lead to increased afterload, making it harder for the heart to pump blood. Increased respiratory rate (B) is not a direct compensation for increased end-diastolic volume. Decreased systolic contractility (D) would further compromise cardiac output, worsening the situation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nursing. Developing appropriate nursing interventions requires accurate nursing diagnosis, which identifies the patient's health needs and guides the care plan. Nursing interventions are specific actions taken by nurses to achieve desired patient outcomes. Medical diagnosis (B) focuses on identifying diseases or conditions, not on nursing care. Admission (C) and collaborative (D) are not directly related to developing nursing interventions. In summary, nursing interventions are tailored based on the nursing diagnosis to address the patient's unique needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Osteopenia. Osteopenia is a contraindication for spinal traction because it indicates decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures during traction. Bursitis (A), cervical radiculopathy (B), and muscle spasm (D) are not contraindications for spinal traction as they can potentially benefit from this treatment modality.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Epistaxis refers to nosebleeds, commonly due to nasal trauma or dry air. 2. Hematemesis refers to vomiting blood, which can indicate gastrointestinal bleeding. 3. Considering hematemesis as a cause of epistaxis is important to rule out more serious conditions like gastrointestinal ulcers or cancer. 4. Intracranial hemorrhage (choice A) is less likely as it presents with neurological symptoms. 5. Intestinal hemorrhage (choice C) is less likely to cause epistaxis. 6. Hematoma of the nasal septum (choice D) may cause epistaxis but is less common than gastrointestinal bleeding. Summary: Hematemesis is the correct answer as it is a more common and relevant cause of epistaxis compared to the other choices, which are less likely and not directly related to nasal bleeding.