All of the hypnotic drugs induce:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decrease the duration of REM sleep. Hypnotic drugs typically suppress REM sleep, leading to a decrease in its duration. This is because these drugs act on the central nervous system to promote sedation and reduce the amount of time spent in REM sleep. Choice A is incorrect as hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of REM sleep. Choice C is also incorrect as these drugs do alter the duration of REM sleep. Choice D is incorrect since hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of slow wave sleep, which is a different stage of sleep compared to REM sleep.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kappa-receptors. Kappa-receptors are responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation because their activation leads to these effects. Mu-receptors are primarily associated with analgesia and respiratory depression, while Delta-receptors are involved in modulating pain perception. Choosing D (All of the above) is incorrect as Mu and Delta receptors do not directly cause dysphoria or vasomotor stimulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inflammation or tissue damage. Non-narcotic analgesics, such as NSAIDs, work by reducing inflammation and inhibiting pain signals. Inflammation and tissue damage often result in pain, making non-narcotic analgesics effective in relieving these types of pain. Trauma, myocardial infarction, and surgery may also cause pain, but non-narcotic analgesics are specifically designed to target inflammation and tissue damage, making them most effective in this context. Therefore, choice A is correct because it aligns with the mechanism of action of non-narcotic analgesics. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not specifically address the target of action for non-narcotic analgesics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Risperidone, because it has high affinity for both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors. Risperidone's strong binding to these receptors contributes to its efficacy in treating psychosis. Droperidol (A) primarily acts on D2 receptors but has limited 5-HT2 affinity. Clozapine (B) has higher affinity for 5-HT2 than D2 receptors. Thiothixene (C) has higher affinity for D2 receptors but relatively lower for 5-HT2 receptors. In summary, Risperidone stands out as it targets both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors, making it a suitable choice for treating psychosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Adaptogens are known for increasing resistance to stress and promoting adaptation to various stressors. Step 2: The correct answer, D, aligns with the primary function of adaptogens. Step 3: Option A pertains more to performance enhancement and recovery, not specifically stress resilience. Step 4: Option B focuses on physiological responses, not stress adaptation. Step 5: Option C addresses fatigue relief but does not emphasize stress resistance like adaptogens.