All of the following tracts originate from the cerebral cortex EXCEPT:

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Question 1 of 5

All of the following tracts originate from the cerebral cortex EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vestibulospinal tract . The corticospinal tract , corticonuclear tract , and corticoreticular tract originate from the cerebral cortex (motor areas) and project to spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei, and reticular formation, respectively, for voluntary control. The vestibulospinal tract, however, arisfrom the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, not the cortex, to regulate posture and balance ipsilaterally. This distinction is clear in its role (e.g., standing) versus cortical tracts voluntary functions. Thus, D is the exception.

Question 2 of 5

All of the following tracts originate from cerebral cortex EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rubrospinal tract . The corticospinal tract originatfrom the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), descending through the brainstem and spinal cord for voluntary movement control, such as hand dexterity. The corticonuclear tract also arisfrom the cortex, targeting cranial nerve nuclei (e.g., 5, 7, 10) for facial or tongue movements, with partial decussation. The corticoreticular tract begins in the cortex, projecting to the reticular formation in the brainstem to modulate posture and locomotion. In contrast, the rubrospinal tract originatfrom the red nucleus in the midbrain, not the cortex, and decussatto influence flexor tone, especially in the upper limbs. This midbrain origin distinguishit from the cortical tracts, as seen in its role in cerebellar-motor coordination rather than direct cortical control. Thus, C is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Question 3 of 5

Which of the following is true about the corticonuclear tract:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Controls voluntary movements of the musclof the face, head, and neck . The corticonuclear tract originatfrom the motor cortex, specifically the precentral gyrus (not cerebellum, making A incorrect), and descends through the internal capsule to terminate in brainstem cranial nerve nuclei (not spinal cord, making D wrong). It donot decussate completely in the midbrain (B is false); instead, its fibers partially cross at various brainstem levels, with some (e.g., cranial nerve 7 lower face) contralateral and others (e.g., 11) bilateral. Choice C is true; it controls voluntary movements of musclin the face (e.g., smiling via cranial nerve 7), head (e.g., tongue via 12), and neck (e.g., sternocleidomastoid via 11), via nuclei of cranial nerv5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. For example, a cortical lesion causcontralateral lower facial weakness, demonstrating its role in voluntary control. Thus, C accurately describthe corticonuclear tracts function, making it the correct answer.

Question 4 of 5

All of the following statements about the vomiting center are true EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: It is located in the cerebellum , which is false. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata, near the area postrema (not cerebellum, which coordinatmovement), integrating emetic signals. Choice B is true; it receivinput from circulating emetics (e.g., drugs) via the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla, triggering vomiting. Choice C is correct; vestibular input (cranial nerve 8) stimulatit, as in motion sickness. Choice D is accurate; cranial nerv8 (vestibular), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) are involved in the reflex. The medullas role is critical, as brainstem lesions disrupt vomiting, unlike cerebellar damage affecting balance. Thus, A is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Question 5 of 5

Which of the following statements regarding the psychophysiology of food intake is correct?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Blood sugar level affects appetite and food intake . Blood glucose influenchunger via hypothalamic signaling low levels stimulate appetite (e.g., ghrelin release), while high levels signal satiety (e.g., insulin response). Choice A is false; cold temperaturincrease intake for thermogenesis, per physiological studies. Choice B is wrong; insulin injections increase hunger by lowering blood sugar, not decreasing intake immediately. Choice D is incorrect; multiple systems (e.g., hypothalamus, gut hormonlike CCK) regulate intake, not one. is false; the lateral hypothalamus drivhunger, while the ventromedial hypothalamus is the satiety center, per lesion studi(e.g., Anand & Brobeck, 1951). Cs truth is evident in diabetes, where glucose dysregulation alters eating patterns, making it the correct answer over oversimplified or reversed claims.

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