All of the following statements regarding diuretics are true EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question about diuretics, option C is the correct answer because ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can actually decrease the antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone by counteracting its diuretic action. Option A is incorrect because Furosemide (Lasix) can indeed increase the likelihood of digitalis toxicity by causing hypokalemia, which can potentiate the toxic effects of digitalis on the heart. Option B is incorrect because Chlorthalidone (Hygroton) can actually increase the excretion of lithium, leading to decreased lithium levels in the body. Option D is incorrect because Furosemide has a shorter duration of action compared to Chlorthalidone, which has a longer duration of action due to its pharmacokinetic properties. Educationally, understanding the interactions and side effects of diuretics is crucial for safe medication administration. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of potential drug interactions, contraindications, and pharmacokinetic differences to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the classification of antibiotics is crucial for safe and effective medication administration. In this case, the correct answer is C) Erythromycin, which belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics. Macrolides are antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Erythromycin is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Option A) Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis but belongs to a different class than macrolides. Neomycin is commonly used in topical preparations due to its potential for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity when administered systemically. Option B) Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic, which also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis but through a different mechanism than macrolides. Doxycycline is often used to treat a wide range of infections, including respiratory tract infections and acne. Option D) Cefotaxime is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which works by disrupting the bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephalosporins are not macrolides and are commonly used to treat a variety of infections, including respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections. Educationally, understanding the classification of antibiotics helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions about appropriate drug selection based on the type of infection and the causative organism. Knowing the differences between antibiotic classes, such as macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins, is essential for effective pharmacological management and for preventing antibiotic resistance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, spirochetes, Clostridium gangrene. Biosynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin and oxacillin, are effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria including both gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms. These penicillins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death. Option B) Corynebacterium diphtheria, mycobacteria is incorrect because biosynthetic penicillins are not effective against mycobacteria like those causing tuberculosis due to their unique cell wall structure. Option C) Gram-positive cocci, viruses is incorrect as penicillins do not have any activity against viruses. They specifically target bacterial cell walls. Option D) Gram-negative cocci, Rickettsia, mycotic infections is incorrect because biosynthetic penicillins are not effective against most gram-negative bacteria or fungal infections. They are primarily effective against gram-positive organisms. Understanding the spectrum of activity of different antibiotics is crucial in pharmacology to ensure appropriate selection for treating bacterial infections. Knowing the mechanisms of action and limitations of each antibiotic class helps healthcare providers make informed decisions when prescribing medications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Broad-spectrum. Demonstrates a bacteriostatic effect. Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, leading to a bacteriostatic effect by preventing bacterial growth. Option A is incorrect because chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic, not bactericidal. Option B is incorrect because chloramphenicol affects both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, not just Gram-positive. Option C is also incorrect for the same reason as option B. In an educational context, understanding the characteristics of antibiotics like chloramphenicol is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding antibiotic selection for patients. Knowing whether an antibiotic is bacteriostatic or bactericidal, as well as its spectrum of activity, helps in treating infections effectively and preventing antibiotic resistance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal medication known for its significant unwanted effects. The correct answer, option B, includes renal impairment and anemia as unwanted effects of Amphotericin B. Renal impairment is a common adverse effect due to the drug's nephrotoxicity, which can lead to decreased kidney function and electrolyte imbalances. Anemia can also occur as a result of bone marrow suppression by Amphotericin B. Option A, psychosis, is not a common adverse effect of Amphotericin B. Option C, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia, are not typically associated with this medication. Option D, bone marrow toxicity, is partially correct but not as specific as option B, which clearly identifies anemia as a potential unwanted effect. In an educational context, understanding the adverse effects of medications like Amphotericin B is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Nurses and healthcare providers need to be knowledgeable about potential side effects to monitor patients appropriately, intervene promptly, and prevent complications. This knowledge enhances patient safety and contributes to positive health outcomes.