All of the following prognostic models are suitable for localized renal cell carcinoma, Except:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: MSKCC model predicts metastatic RCC survival post-nephrectomy, not localized. UISS, Leibovich, and VENUSS assess localized RCC recurrence stage, grade, size-based. MSKCC's metastatic focus distinguishes it, key to its exclusion for localized disease, unlike tailored prognostic tools.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) is the top cause of obstructive uropathy enlarged prostate blocks bladder outflow, common in aging men. Posterior urethral valve is pediatric congenital. Neurogenic bladder disrupts control less obstructive. Urethral stricture narrows less frequent. BPH's prevalence distinguishes it, key to adult obstruction, unlike child, neuro, or stricture causes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Serum ACTH isn't a screening test for Cushing's differentiates cause (pituitary vs. adrenal) post-diagnosis. Late-night salivary cortisol, low-dose dexamethasone suppression, and dexamethasone-CRH screen hypercortisolism detect excess. ACTH's diagnostic role distinguishes it, key to etiology, not initial screening, unlike cortisol-based tests.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Grade III varicocele alone isn't a surgical indication size doesn't mandate unless symptomatic (e.g., atrophy). Left atrophy (volume loss), bilateral atrophy, and abnormal semen (fertility risk) justify repair functional impact. Grade III's lack of standalone need distinguishes it, critical for evidence-based intervention, unlike atrophy or semen-based triggers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Drained volume >1000 mL predicts trial without catheter (TWOC) failure large residuals suggest poor bladder function or obstruction (e.g., BPH), needing prolonged catheterization. Absence of prior LUTS indicates better baseline favorable. Age <65 years ties to stronger detrusor supports success. High detrusor pressure aids voiding positive factor. High volume's negative impact distinguishes it, critical for TWOC prognosis, unlike factors enhancing bladder emptying potential.