All of the following is true about swallowing EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Under involuntary control only , which is false. The swallowing center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), coordinating the reflex via the nucleus ambiguus and vagus nerve. Swallowing is initiated voluntarily (B is true) in the oral phase (cortex, tongue), then becominvoluntary in pharyngeal and esophageal phases. It involvcranial nerv5 (trigeminal, mastication), 7 (facial, lips), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) (C is true), orchestrating the process. Choice D is incorrect; while the reflex phase is involuntary, the initial act is voluntary, distinguishing it from fully reflex actions like vomiting. Stroke affecting cortical input or medullary centers shows this dual control, making D the exception and the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: It is under voluntary control , which is false. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), coordinating the reflex near the area postrema. Choice B is correct; it receivvestibular input via cranial nerve 8 (e.g., motion sickness), triggering vomiting. Choice C is inaccurate; vomiting is an involuntary reflex, not voluntarily initiated, unlike swallowings oral phase. Choice D is true; cranial nerv8 (vestibular), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) mediate the reflex arc. Brainstem damage abolishvomiting, while cortical lesions do not, confirming its involuntary nature. Thus, C is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Obese people are least responsive to the taste of food , which is false. Obese individuals often show heightened taste sensitivity, driving overeating, per sensory studies. Choice A is true; anxiety increascortisol, prompting eating in obese people (emotional eating). Choice C is correct; no single personality definobesity traits vary widely. Choice D is true; obese individuals often exhibit unrestrained eating, lacking dietary inhibition, per restraint scale research. is partially true; some obese people have lower basal metabolic rates, though not universally. Bs falsehood liin taste perception obese people arent less responsive; they may overeat due to reward-seeking, not dulled senses. Thus, B is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cold weather activatlateral hypothalamus . Cold temperaturstimulate the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to increase food intake for thermogenesis, per physiological studies. Choice B is false; an empty stomach activatthe LH, not the ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety center). Choice C is incorrect; high blood sugar suppresshunger via insulin and leptin signaling. Choice D is wrong; insulin increasappetite by lowering glucose, not decreasing intake. is false; exercise aids weight loss by burning calories. As truth is rooted in adaptive physiology cold triggers LH-driven eating to maintain body heat, as seen in animal models, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Stress contributto the onset of both physical and psychological disorders . Stress triggers cortisol release, linked to disorders like hypertension and depression, per psychoneuroendocrinology. Choice A is false; stress originated in physics (Selye adapted it). Choice B is incomplete; cortisol and norepinephrine, not just glutamate, drive stress responses. Choice C is wrong; stress includbiological and environmental factors, not just social. is false; neuro-hormon(e.g., adrenaline) activate fight-or-flight, not prevent it. Ds truth is evident in stress-related illness(e.g., ulcers, anxiety), unlike the narrow or reversed claims of A-C, E, making it the correct answer.