All of the following except ______ are risk factors for an elderly person developing tuberculosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Being adequately nourished. Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections like tuberculosis. Diabetes (A), living in crowded institutions (B), and immunosuppression (D) all lower immunity, increasing the risk of developing TB. In summary, adequate nutrition is not a risk factor for TB in the elderly, while diabetes, institutional living, and immunosuppression are.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Conducting regular reviews allows nurses to assess the necessity and appropriateness of each medication, addressing potential drug interactions, duplications, and side effects in elderly patients. Step 2: This proactive approach helps prevent polypharmacy-related complications and ensures optimal medication management. Step 3: Ensuring medications are taken exactly as directed (A) may not address the root cause of polypharmacy. Recommending over-the-counter medications (C) without proper evaluation can worsen the issue. Administering medications only during hospital stays (D) is not a comprehensive solution outside of the hospital setting.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because maintaining good eye contact and a relaxed, smiling approach can help establish a sense of trust and connection with persons with dementia. This approach can help reduce feelings of confusion and anxiety in individuals with dementia, improving communication and fostering a positive interaction. A: Asking open-ended questions may overwhelm individuals with dementia and make it difficult for them to process information. B: Talking to persons with dementia as you would a child is inappropriate and disrespectful, as it disregards their dignity and autonomy. D: Reminding individuals with dementia not to forget something can be frustrating and may lead to feelings of failure or inadequacy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because older adults with chronic conditions are often prescribed multiple medications to manage their various health issues, leading to polypharmacy and increased risk of adverse drug reactions. This challenge can result in medication mismanagement, drug interactions, and medication non-adherence. The other choices are incorrect because comorbidities are common in older adults, medical intervention is generally accepted, and older adults often experience declines in physical and cognitive health with age.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Age-related changes in liver function. As people age, there are changes in liver metabolism and blood flow, affecting the processing of anesthetic agents. Liver function declines with age, leading to slower drug metabolism and clearance, increasing the risk of adverse reactions. Decreased muscle mass (A) may affect drug distribution but not metabolism. Decreased renal function (B) can impact drug excretion but is not the primary reason for adverse reactions. Increased body fat (C) can alter drug distribution but is not the main factor in anesthesia reactions for older adults.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibiotics are not standard therapy for congestive heart failure in the elderly. The rationale is that antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not heart failure. A: ACE inhibitors are standard therapy as they help dilate blood vessels and reduce the workload on the heart. C: Diuretics help reduce fluid buildup in the body, which is beneficial for managing CHF symptoms. D: Beta blockers are used to reduce the heart's workload and help manage the stress response, making them standard therapy for CHF.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Biomedical. Biomedical health belief system focuses on treating diseases and conditions by repairing or replacing specific body parts through medical interventions such as surgeries, medications, and therapies. This approach is based on scientific evidence and aims to address the physical aspects of health. Incorrect choices: A: Holistic - Holistic health belief system emphasizes treating the whole person, including physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects, rather than focusing solely on repairing specific body parts. C: Personalistic - Personalistic health belief system attributes illnesses to external factors such as curses or supernatural forces, rather than treating specific body parts. D: Magicoreligious - Magicoreligious health belief system relies on magical or religious rituals to heal illnesses, rather than repairing body parts through medical interventions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Free radical theory. This theory states that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage from free radicals in the body, which can be countered by antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. Thus, the nurse considering the importance of a diet high in fruits and vegetables aligns with the free radical theory. Incorrect choices: A: Oxidative stress theory focuses on the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, not specifically on fruits and vegetables. B: Immunological theory relates to the immune system's role in aging, not directly linked to diet. D: Telomere theory concerns the role of telomeres in aging, not directly related to the benefits of fruits and vegetables.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, dramatic loss of melanin. Melanin is a pigment responsible for skin color and does not play a role in the development of pressure ulcers. Shearing, decreased body weight, and malnutrition (decreased serum albumin) are all known risk factors for pressure ulcers in the elderly. Shearing can lead to tissue damage, decreased body weight can indicate poor nutrition and muscle wasting, and malnutrition can impair wound healing and skin integrity. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it does not contribute to the likelihood of an elderly person developing a pressure ulcer.