All of the following drugs stimulate bile production and bile secretion EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cholenszyme. Cholenszyme is a digestive enzyme supplement and does not stimulate bile production or secretion. Chenodiol is a bile acid that promotes bile flow. Oxaphenamide is a choleretic agent that increases bile secretion. Cholosas contains bile salts and helps stimulate bile production. Therefore, Cholenszyme is the only option that does not directly stimulate bile production or secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: GI disturbance. Nitrates and nitrites primarily affect the cardiovascular system by dilating blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and decreased cardiac workload. GI disturbances are not commonly associated with these drugs. A: Orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, C: Throbbing headache, and D: Tolerance are all known side effects of nitrates and nitrites due to their cardiovascular effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: To increase blood pressure in low cardiac output, positive inotropic drugs (Choice C) are used to improve the heart's contractility and increase cardiac output. Ganglioblockers (Choice A) block sympathetic activity, potentially worsening low cardiac output. Vasoconstrictors (Choice B) can increase blood pressure but may not address the underlying cause of low cardiac output. Diuretics (Choice D) reduce blood volume and may further decrease cardiac output. Therefore, Choice C is the correct option to address low cardiac output by improving heart function and increasing blood pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) is regulated by a negative feedback loop. When the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood decreases, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones. Conversely, when the thyroid hormone levels are high, TSH secretion is inhibited. Choices A and B are incorrect because the amount of iodine and thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland itself does not directly regulate TSH secretion. Choice D is incorrect as catecholamines do not directly influence TSH secretion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Estrogens have immunomodulatory properties by enhancing immune responses, while progestins have immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting immune responses. Therefore, the statement is TRUE. Choice B is incorrect because the statement is not false. Choice C is incorrect as it does not provide a clear answer. Choice D is incorrect as it does not apply in this scenario.