All of the following drugs are used in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that can worsen heart failure symptoms by reducing heart contractility. Digoxin, dobutamine, and dopamine are commonly used to treat severe congestive heart failure by improving heart function. Verapamil is not recommended for heart failure management due to its negative inotropic effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Aminalon and Picamilon are GABA derivatives known to influence blood flow in the brain by enhancing cerebral circulation. 2. GABA derivatives like Aminalon and Picamilon act as vasodilators, improving blood flow without affecting blood pressure. 3. Nimodipine and Cinnarizine are calcium channel blockers that mainly act on vascular smooth muscle, not directly related to GABA. 4. Heparin and Warfarin are anticoagulants used to prevent blood clots, not directly affecting blood flow in the brain. 5. Vinpocetine and Nicergoline are vasodilators that enhance cerebral blood flow, but they are not derivatives of GABA.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. Bovine insulin is actually more antigenic than porcine insulin due to differences in amino acid sequences between bovines and humans, leading to a higher likelihood of immune response. Choice A is incorrect as it states that bovine insulin is less antigenic, which is false. Choices C and D do not apply since the correct answer is B.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Glucocorticoids do have anti-inflammatory effects, not pro-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids work by suppressing the immune system and reducing inflammation. This is why they are commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma. Choices A, B, and D are correct statements about glucocorticoids. Choice A is correct because glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to glucocorticoid receptors, which are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Choice B is correct because glucocorticoids do have dose-related metabolic effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Choice D is correct because glucocorticoids do have catabolic effects in various tissues such as lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Phenothiazines. Phenothiazines such as Diprazine and Promethazine are noted for their alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking effect. This is due to their ability to block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. Other choices (A, B, C) do not possess this specific alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking effect and are not classified as histamine H1 antagonists known for this property. Therefore, the correct answer is D as phenothiazines exhibit the unique characteristic of alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking effect among the given options.