All of the following can cause acute renal failure (ARF) EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Iron doesn't typically cause ARF unlike rhabdomyolysis (myoglobin), NSAIDs (perfusion drop), and ethylene glycol (oxalate crystals), all established. Iron overload affects liver renal toxicity rare. Lack of nephrotoxicity distinguishes it, key to ARF differential, unlike proven renal insults.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Above 180 mg/dL (renal threshold), glucose filtration exceeds reabsorption capacity, increasing filtered and excreted amounts not fixed, equal, or absent in urine. This reflects glycosuria dynamics, key for diabetes monitoring, contrasting with normal reabsorption limits.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cercarial dermatitis results from non-human schistosomes penetrating skin, not S. mansoni/haematobium (human parasites) or Trichomonas (STD). This distinguishes parasitic dermatitis, critical for epidemiology, contrasting with human-specific species.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) invades veins early, has clear cells, causes hematuria, and affects adults not children (Wilms'). This corrects RCC epidemiology, vital for diagnosis, contrasting with pediatric tumors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullary hyperosmolarity arises from Na+ and urea (countercurrent), not glucose or K+ alone. This defines concentration gradient, critical for urine concentration, contrasting with single solutes.