All of the following are well established risk factors for testis cancer, Except

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Black race has lower testicular cancer risk whites predominate, not a factor. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis) increases risk malpositioned germ cells. Family history raises odds genetic link. Germ cell neoplasia in situ is precursor direct cause. Lower black risk distinguishes it, key to epidemiology, unlike established high-risk factors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) features generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and ascites protein loss drives hypoalbuminemia/fluid shifts. Pulmonary edema isn't typical cardiac/volume overload, not MCNS hallmark. Edema is peripheral/ascitic hypoalbuminemia-driven. Hyperlipidemia compensates protein loss classic. Ascites reflects fluid shift common. Pulmonary exclusion distinguishes MCNS, key to its presentation, unlike cardiac overlap.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Malignant pheochromocytoma favors bone metastasis osteolytic spread (e.g., spine) is commonest. Liver and lungs occur less frequent. Lymph nodes spread but trail bone regional first. Bone's predominance distinguishes it, key to its metastatic pattern, unlike visceral or nodal sites.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Absent cremasteric reflex is most reliable for testicular torsion lost ipsilateral reflex (stroke scrotum, no testis rise) signals torsion's nerve disruption. Prehn's (pain relief lifting) is inconsistent variable. Transverse lie suggests torsion less specific. Swelling/oedema/tenderness are late non-diagnostic alone. Reflex absence distinguishes it, critical for acute diagnosis, unlike pain, position, or swelling signs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Transition zone volume isn't a standard non-invasive ultrasound test for BOO requires MRI/TURP, invasive. Intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), bladder wall thickness (hypertrophy), and bladder weight (mass) assess obstruction non-invasively correlate with pressure/flow. TZ volume's invasiveness distinguishes it, key to practical diagnostics, unlike ultrasound-based metrics.