All of the following are true about the vomiting reflex EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: It is under voluntary control , which is false. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), coordinating the reflex near the area postrema. Choice B is correct; it receivvestibular input via cranial nerve 8 (e.g., motion sickness), triggering vomiting. Choice C is inaccurate; vomiting is an involuntary reflex, not voluntarily initiated, unlike swallowings oral phase. Choice D is true; cranial nerv8 (vestibular), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) mediate the reflex arc. Brainstem damage abolishvomiting, while cortical lesions do not, confirming its involuntary nature. Thus, C is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cold weather activatlateral hypothalamus . Cold temperaturstimulate the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to increase food intake for thermogenesis, per physiological studies. Choice B is false; an empty stomach activatthe LH, not the ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety center). Choice C is incorrect; high blood sugar suppresshunger via insulin and leptin signaling. Choice D is wrong; insulin increasappetite by lowering glucose, not decreasing intake. is false; exercise aids weight loss by burning calories. As truth is rooted in adaptive physiology cold triggers LH-driven eating to maintain body heat, as seen in animal models, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Stress contributto the onset of both physical and psychological disorders . Stress triggers cortisol release, linked to disorders like hypertension and depression, per psychoneuroendocrinology. Choice A is false; stress originated in physics (Selye adapted it). Choice B is incomplete; cortisol and norepinephrine, not just glutamate, drive stress responses. Choice C is wrong; stress includbiological and environmental factors, not just social. is false; neuro-hormon(e.g., adrenaline) activate fight-or-flight, not prevent it. Ds truth is evident in stress-related illness(e.g., ulcers, anxiety), unlike the narrow or reversed claims of A-C, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vulnerability , which is not a Big Five trait. The Big Five are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion , Agreeableness , and Neuroticism (opposite of emotional stability, A). Vulnerability is a facet of Neuroticism, not a standalone trait. Choice A (emotional stability) reflects low Neuroticism; C (extraversion) sociability; D (openness) creativity; E (agreeableness) cooperation. Bs exclusion being a sub-trait, not a core dimension aligns with the Big Five model (Costa & McCrae), widely validated in personality research, making it the correct answer over the established traits A, C, D, E.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Objective personality tests assess conscious personality aspects . Tests like MMPI measure self-reported, conscious traits (e.g., extraversion), unlike projective tests. Choice B is false; Rogers focused on self-concept, not Freuds ego/superego. Choice C is incorrect; trait theory (e.g., Big Five) describtraits, not neurodevelopment specifically. Choice D is wrong; Freud used psychoanalysis (unconscious drives), not self-actualization (Maslow). is partially true but vague personality stabilizin adulthood. As truth objective tests focus on accessible traits contrasts with theoretical errors in B-D and ambiguity, making it the correct answer.