All of the following are problems of an infant of a diabetic mother (class B) EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants of diabetic mothers, class B, the main concern is macrosomia or large for gestational age due to maternal hyperglycemia. Intrauterine growth retardation (Option C) is not typically seen in infants of diabetic mothers but rather in pregnancies complicated by conditions such as hypertension or placental insufficiency. Hypoglycemia (Option A) is a common issue in these infants due to their own hyperinsulinism in response to high maternal glucose levels. Hypocalcemia (Option B) can occur due to maternal hyperparathyroidism but is not a primary concern in infants of diabetic mothers. Hypomagnesemia (Option D) can occur but is less common than hypoglycemia. In an educational context, understanding the unique challenges faced by infants of diabetic mothers is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the specific complications that may arise allows nurses to provide targeted care and interventions to optimize outcomes for these infants. By differentiating between potential problems and understanding their underlying causes, nurses can deliver specialized care that addresses the unique needs of this population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the case of an 18-month-old child experiencing breath-holding spells, the advice that is NOT true is option C) "Interfere early in the event by calming the child." The correct answer is C because intervening during a breath-holding spell can be counterproductive. It is important not to startle or try to interrupt the spell forcefully, as this can lead to more severe spells and potentially harm the child. Most breath-holding spells are benign and tend to resolve on their own without any intervention. Option A) "Investigate possibility of iron deficiency anemia" is a valid recommendation because iron deficiency can contribute to breath-holding spells in children, so it is important to rule this out through proper medical evaluation. Option B) "Avoid over-concerned behavior" is also a valid advice as overreacting to these episodes can increase the child's anxiety and potentially worsen the frequency or severity of the spells. Option D) "Try to behave calmly" is a crucial piece of advice for caregivers. Staying calm during a breath-holding spell can help reassure the child and prevent escalating the situation. In an educational context, it is essential for pediatric nurses and caregivers to understand the appropriate responses to breath-holding spells in children. By knowing how to react calmly and providing accurate advice, they can effectively support the child and promote a safe environment during these episodes. Understanding the underlying causes, such as iron deficiency anemia, and knowing when to seek medical advice are also critical aspects of caring for children experiencing breath-holding spells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is essential to recognize early signs of developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to provide timely interventions and support. In this context, understanding the indicators that should raise suspicion of ASD is crucial for healthcare professionals working with children and their families. The correct answer, D) Pediatrician concern, is the least likely to raise suspicion of ASD among the options provided. This is because pediatricians are trained to assess child development comprehensively and may have a broader perspective when evaluating a child's behavior and milestones. Therefore, if a pediatrician does not express concerns about ASD after a thorough evaluation, it is less likely that the child has the disorder. A) Sibling with ASD may raise suspicion of ASD due to a genetic predisposition and shared environmental factors within the family. B) Playmate concern could indicate social difficulties or atypical behaviors observed by peers, which are common in children with ASD. C) Parental concern is also significant as parents are usually the first to notice unusual behaviors or delays in their child's development. Educationally, understanding these nuances in red flag indicators for ASD can help pediatric nurses and healthcare providers make informed assessments and referrals for further evaluation. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and considering multiple perspectives when evaluating a child for developmental concerns, ultimately leading to better outcomes for children and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rumination disorder is a condition characterized by the regurgitation and rechewing of food. The correct answer, A) "seen only in infants and those with intellectual disability," is FALSE. Rumination disorder can occur in individuals of any age, not just infants and those with intellectual disabilities. In educational context, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the misconception around rumination disorder to provide accurate care and support to patients. Option B) "runs episodic course" is incorrect because rumination disorder tends to be a chronic condition rather than having an episodic course. Option C) "results from neglect" is incorrect as rumination disorder is primarily associated with underlying psychological factors rather than neglect. Option D) "in infancy can resolve spontaneously" is incorrect because while rumination may improve in some cases, it usually requires intervention for resolution, especially if it persists beyond infancy. Educationally, understanding the nuances of rumination disorder is essential for pediatric nurses as they care for patients who may present with this condition. This knowledge equips nurses to provide appropriate interventions, support families, and collaborate effectively with interdisciplinary teams to promote the health and well-being of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Breath-holding spells are best described as an expression of frustration or anger (Option C). These spells are typically involuntary and are triggered by a child's response to a stressful or upsetting situation. It is crucial for healthcare professionals, like nurses, to understand that breath-holding spells are not a manifestation of iron deficiency anemia (Option A), a type of seizure (Option B), or a problem that only manifests when the child becomes older (Option D). Understanding breath-holding spells is essential in pediatric nursing as they can be alarming for caregivers and may lead to unnecessary interventions if not properly recognized. By recognizing that these spells are often a response to emotional triggers rather than a medical issue, nurses can provide appropriate support and education to parents and caregivers on how to manage these episodes effectively. Educationally, nurses need to be equipped with knowledge about various pediatric conditions, including non-life-threatening phenomena like breath-holding spells. This empowers them to deliver holistic care, address parental concerns, and promote positive outcomes for pediatric patients. By choosing Option C as the correct answer, nurses can enhance their understanding of child development and behavior, leading to improved patient care and family support.