All of the following are problems of an infant of a diabetic mother (class B) EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants of diabetic mothers (class B), intrauterine growth retardation is not typically a problem. The correct answer is C. This is because infants of diabetic mothers are more prone to macrosomia (large birth weight) rather than growth retardation due to the excessive glucose crossing the placenta, stimulating fetal insulin production, and promoting fetal growth. Option A, Hypoglycemia, is a common problem in infants of diabetic mothers due to the abrupt discontinuation of maternal glucose supply at birth. Option B, Hypocalcemia, can occur due to fetal hyperinsulinemia which leads to increased calcium deposition in bones. Option D, Hypomagnesemia, is also a potential issue as maternal hyperglycemia can lead to increased fetal urinary magnesium loss. Educationally, understanding the specific risks and complications faced by infants of diabetic mothers is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing these issues, nurses can provide appropriate care and interventions to optimize outcomes for these vulnerable newborns. This knowledge also underscores the importance of close monitoring and early identification of potential complications in this population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the case of an 18-month-old child experiencing breath-holding spells, the advice that is NOT true is option C) Interfere early in the event by calming the child. This advice is incorrect because intervening during a breath-holding spell can reinforce the behavior and potentially worsen the situation. The correct approach is to ensure the child's safety during the spell, lay them on their side to prevent injury, and wait for the spell to pass. It is crucial for caregivers to stay calm and not give in to the child's demands during these episodes. Option A) Investigate possibility of iron deficiency anemia is important because anemia can be a contributing factor to breath-holding spells in some cases, so it's essential to rule this out through proper evaluation. Option B) Avoid over-concerned behavior is also true because while it's natural for caregivers to feel anxious during such episodes, maintaining a calm demeanor is key to prevent reinforcing the behavior or causing undue stress to the child. Option D) Try to behave calmly is a crucial piece of advice as remaining composed can help de-escalate the situation and prevent the child from feeling more distressed. In an educational context, it's essential for healthcare providers and caregivers to understand the appropriate responses to breath-holding spells in children. By knowing how to react calmly and appropriately, they can ensure the safety and well-being of the child experiencing these episodes. It is also important to address any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the spells to provide comprehensive care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Pediatrician concern. In pediatric nursing, it is important to understand the key indicators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to provide early intervention and support. A pediatrician's concern should always raise suspicion as they are trained to recognize developmental milestones and potential signs of ASD in children. Sibling with ASD (option A) can raise suspicion as there is a genetic component to ASD, increasing the risk for siblings. Playmate or parental concerns (options B and C) can also be valid indicators, but they may not have the same level of expertise and training as a pediatrician when it comes to identifying developmental concerns. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of collaboration between healthcare professionals, families, and caregivers in identifying and supporting children with ASD. It emphasizes the role of pediatricians in early detection and intervention, underscoring the significance of a multidisciplinary approach in pediatric care. By understanding these nuances, pediatric nurses can better advocate for children with ASD and support their families effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rumination is the regurgitation and rechewing of food that occurs after a period of normal digestion. The correct answer, option A, is false because rumination is not only seen in infants and individuals with intellectual disability. It can also occur in children and adults without intellectual disabilities. Option B, stating that rumination runs an episodic course, is incorrect because rumination is typically a chronic condition that can persist if not addressed. Option C, suggesting that rumination results from neglect, is also incorrect. Rumination is a complex behavior with various potential causes, including psychological factors, and is not solely attributed to neglect. Option D, indicating that rumination in infancy can resolve spontaneously, is partially correct. While some cases of infant rumination may resolve spontaneously, persistent rumination may require intervention. It's important for pediatric nurses to be aware of rumination as it may indicate underlying issues that need to be addressed, such as feeding difficulties, stress, or developmental concerns. Early identification and intervention can help prevent long-term complications and improve the child's well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding breath-holding spells is crucial for providing effective care to children. The correct answer, option C, "expression of frustration or anger," is the best statement because breath-holding spells are typically triggered by emotional stimuli rather than medical conditions. Children experiencing frustration or anger may involuntarily hold their breath, leading to cyanosis and loss of consciousness. Option A, "manifestation of iron deficiency anemia," is incorrect because breath-holding spells are not directly linked to anemia but rather to emotional triggers. Option B, "type of seizure," is also incorrect as breath-holding spells do not involve abnormal electrical activity in the brain characteristic of seizures. Option D, "problem manifest when the child becomes older," is incorrect as breath-holding spells typically occur in young children, usually between 6 months to 6 years of age. Educationally, it is important to differentiate breath-holding spells from other medical conditions to provide appropriate care and support. By understanding the triggers and nature of breath-holding spells, nurses can effectively educate parents on how to manage and prevent these episodes, thus ensuring the well-being of the child. It is essential for healthcare professionals to have a comprehensive understanding of pediatric conditions to deliver safe and quality care to pediatric patients and their families.