All of the following are potential causes of elevated LDL , except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cirrhosis is not a potential cause of elevated LDL cholesterol levels. The liver plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, and liver disease like cirrhosis can actually lead to decreased levels of LDL cholesterol. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels can be caused by conditions such as hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, or the use of certain medications like thiazide diuretics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes can manifest with various symptoms, such as retrograde ejaculation (A), gustatory sweating (B), and hypoglycemic unresponsiveness (D). Mononeuritis multiplex (C) is not typically associated with autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Mononeuritis multiplex is a condition characterized by damage to at least two separate nerve areas resulting in weakness, pain, and sensory loss. Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes tends to affect the autonomic nerves that control involuntary bodily functions, leading to symptoms such as gastrointestinal issues, cardiovascular abnormalities, and sexual dysfunction, but mononeuritis multiplex is not a common feature of this condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In dwarfism conditions, the upper body segment being greater than the lower body segment is a characteristic feature seen in Achondroplasia. This condition results in a disproportionately short stature with short limbs but a trunk of normal length.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder characterized by excess growth hormone production, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Signs and symptoms of acromegaly arise gradually over time due to excess growth hormone leading to tissue overgrowth.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung is most commonly associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This paraneoplastic syndrome occurs in patients with small cell lung cancer due to the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the tumor cells. The excessive release of ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, causing symptoms such as nausea, confusion, seizures, and potentially life-threatening complications. Other types of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, are less commonly associated with SIADH.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Centripetal obesity, acne, and hirsutism are classic features of Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which can be due to various causes such as adrenal tumors, pituitary adenomas, or exogenous glucocorticoid use. Centripetal obesity refers to the characteristic fat distribution pattern seen in Cushing's syndrome, where fat accumulates mainly in the face, neck, and trunk while sparing the limbs. Acne and hirsutism are also commonly seen in Cushing's syndrome due to the hormonal imbalances caused by excess cortisol. Testing for serum cortisol levels, dexamethasone suppression tests, and imaging studies can help confirm the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in a patient presenting with these symptoms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased serum aldosterone level is typically associated with conditions such as Conn's syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism. These conditions lead to an excess of aldosterone, which results in increased sodium resorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. This imbalance can lead to hypertension (Choice A), hypernatraernia (elevated sodium level) (Choice B), and hypokalaemia (low potassium level) (Choice C). However, metabolic acidosis (Choice D) is not directly associated with increased aldosterone levels. Instead, metabolic acidosis may be seen in conditions like renal tubular acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypercalcemia refers to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. The effects of hypercalcemia include increased urinary frequency (polyuria), gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation rather than diarrhea, kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), and various cardiac abnormalities. One key cardiac abnormality associated with hypercalcemia is a prolonged QT interval rather than a shortened QT interval. Prolongation of the QT interval can predispose individuals to arrhythmias, particularly Torsades de pointes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as a shortened QT interval is not a typical effect of hypercalcemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperbilirubinemia is not a common effect of diabetes on the fetus. The correct effects of diabetes on the fetus include: