All of the following are medullary postural reflexes, except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Medullary postural reflexes include tonic labyrinthine (B) and neck reflexes (C, D), adjusting posture via vestibular input. The optical righting reflex (A) is a midbrain/cortical reflex using visual cues, not medullary. A is the exception.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary sensory cortex (B) localizes sensation via somatotopic mapping. Stimulus (A) and receptors (C) initiate it, and medullary centers (D) relay, but localization is cortical. B is correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hopping reaction is midbrain (A, correct), tonic neck is medullary/spinal (not just spinal, B), optical righting is cortical (C, true but less specific), stretch reflex is spinal (not medulla, D). A is correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The diencephalon develops into the thalamus, hypothalamus, and parts of the retina (A). Midbrain (B) arises from the mesencephalon, pons and cerebellum (C) from the rhombencephalon (metencephalon), and cerebrum (D) from the telencephalon. A is correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The internal carotid artery (C) enters the cranium via the carotid canal, supplying the brain. The common carotid (A) branches into it but doesn’t enter, jugular vein (B) drains blood, and aorta (D) is systemic. C is correct.