All may cause abdominal pain in thalassemia major except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: vasculitis. Thalassemia major primarily causes abdominal pain due to complications such as splenic infarction, dragging pain from splenomegaly, and pigment stones in the gall bladder. Vasculitis is not a common complication of thalassemia major, making it the exception. Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, not typically associated with abdominal pain in thalassemia. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: hydroxyurea. Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by defective heme synthesis, leading to iron accumulation in mitochondria. Pyridoxine (A) can help in some cases by improving heme synthesis. Desferroxamine (C) is an iron-chelating agent used to remove excess iron. Androgens (D) can stimulate erythropoiesis. Hydroxyurea (B) is not used to treat sideroblastic anemia but is commonly used in conditions like sickle cell disease to increase fetal hemoglobin levels. Therefore, it is the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, emphysema. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition and does not directly complicate bone marrow transplantation. Cataract formation, leucoencephalopathy, and cardiomyopathy are potential complications due to radiation or chemotherapy used in the procedure affecting the eyes, brain, and heart, respectively. Emphysema is not related to the transplantation process and does not typically arise as a complication.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: chronic infection. Chronic infection leads to the release of hepcidin, which decreases iron absorption and iron binding capacity. This results in decreased iron levels. Recurrent GIT bleeding (A) and menorrhagia (D) lead to iron loss, resulting in decreased iron but increased iron binding capacity compensating for the loss. Intestinal resection (B) can lead to decreased iron absorption but not necessarily decreased iron binding capacity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand factor plays a crucial role in platelet adhesion and clot formation. Deficiency or dysfunction of this factor leads to prolonged bleeding time. Choice A, polycythemia vera, is associated with increased red blood cell production but does not directly affect bleeding time. Choice C, antiphospholipid syndrome, causes blood clots rather than prolonged bleeding. Choice D, hemophilia, is a clotting disorder but does not necessarily result in prolonged bleeding time.