All are true regarding croup except:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding croup is crucial as it is a common respiratory condition in children. The correct answer, option C, states that the incidence of croup is higher in females. This is incorrect because croup actually affects males more frequently than females. Option A is true as the most common organism causing croup is the parainfluenza virus. Option B is also accurate as the peak age group affected by croup is around 2 years old due to the narrowing of the airway in young children. Option D is also a common feature of croup as a strong family history of croup or upper respiratory infections can predispose a child to the condition. Educationally, understanding the demographics, common causes, and risk factors associated with croup is essential for pediatric nurses to provide effective care and education to both the child and their family. By knowing these details, healthcare providers can better recognize and manage croup, ultimately improving outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Early sepsis. Distributive shock is characterized by a decrease in systemic vascular resistance resulting in poor tissue perfusion. Early sepsis can lead to distributive shock as a result of systemic vasodilation caused by the release of inflammatory mediators in response to infection. Option A) Cardiac tamponade is a form of obstructive shock where there is impaired cardiac filling due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, not distributive shock. Option B) Dehydration can lead to hypovolemic shock, characterized by a decrease in circulating blood volume, not distributive shock. Option C) Aortic stenosis results in obstructive shock due to impaired blood flow out of the heart, not distributive shock. Educationally, understanding the different types of shock and their respective etiologies is crucial for pediatric nursing practice. Recognizing the specific causes and manifestations of distributive shock, such as in early sepsis, enables nurses to provide timely and appropriate interventions to stabilize pediatric patients in critical conditions. This knowledge is essential for delivering high-quality care and improving patient outcomes in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In disorders of acid-base balance, when there is bicarbonate loss in urine, the compensatory mechanism that occurs to maintain normal pH is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation helps to expel more carbon dioxide from the body, which leads to a decrease in carbonic acid levels, helping to counterbalance the loss of bicarbonate ions. This increased respiratory rate helps to shift the pH back towards normal by reducing the acidity in the blood. Option A, extracellular shift of potassium, is not the correct answer because it does not directly compensate for bicarbonate loss in urine. Hyperchloremia (Option B) refers to elevated levels of chloride ions in the blood and is not a compensatory mechanism for bicarbonate loss. Loss of organic acid in urine (Option D) is not a compensatory mechanism for bicarbonate loss either. Understanding the compensatory mechanisms in acid-base balance is crucial in pediatric nursing to assess, diagnose, and intervene effectively in cases of acid-base imbalances in children. It is essential for nurses to recognize these mechanisms to provide appropriate care and treatment to pediatric patients with such conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The difference between unmeasured positively & negatively charged molecules in plasma. An anion gap is a calculated value used in medicine to help determine the cause of metabolic acidosis. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the anion gap is crucial for assessing a child's acid-base balance and diagnosing potential underlying health conditions. Option A is incorrect because anion gap specifically refers to unmeasured ions, not all positively and negatively charged molecules in plasma. Option B is incorrect as it only mentions sodium and does not encompass all unmeasured negatively charged molecules. Option D is incorrect because the anion gap does not involve bicarbonate levels, but rather unmeasured positively charged ions. In pediatric nursing, knowing how to interpret anion gap values can aid in identifying conditions such as metabolic acidosis, renal failure, or intoxications. It is essential for nurses to grasp this concept to provide effective care to pediatric patients with complex medical needs. Understanding the nuances of anion gap calculation is a valuable skill that can guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the appropriate dose of adrenaline for cardiac arrest is critical to providing effective and safe care to pediatric patients. The correct answer is option A) 10 microgram/kg. The rationale behind this correct dose is based on the principles of pediatric pharmacology and resuscitation protocols. Adrenaline is a key medication used during cardiac arrest to improve cardiac output and perfusion. The recommended dose of adrenaline in pediatric cardiac arrest is 10 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. This dose is carefully calculated to provide the necessary hemodynamic support without causing harm or overdose in pediatric patients. Incorrect options: B) 100 microgram/kg - This dose is ten times higher than the recommended dose for pediatric cardiac arrest. Administering such a high dose can lead to adverse effects like tachycardia, hypertension, and potential harm to the child. C) 1000 microgram/kg - This dose is excessively high and could result in severe adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and even cardiac arrest. It is far beyond the safe and effective dose range for pediatric patients. D) 10 milligram/kg - This option represents a dose in milligrams rather than micrograms. Administering adrenaline in milligrams instead of micrograms would result in a significantly higher dose than intended, posing a serious risk of harm to the pediatric patient. Educational Context: Understanding the correct dosing of medications in pediatric nursing is crucial for providing safe and effective care. Pediatric patients require individualized care based on their age, weight, and specific physiological characteristics. By knowing the correct dose of medications like adrenaline for pediatric cardiac arrest, nurses can help improve outcomes and prevent potential medication errors that could harm the patient. It is essential for pediatric nurses to be well-versed in pediatric pharmacology and resuscitation guidelines to ensure the best possible care for their young patients.