All are true of morphine , except :

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that is commonly used for pain management, but it is not typically used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Instead, medications such as loperamide or diphenoxylate/atropine are more commonly employed for managing diarrhea. Morphine can actually cause constipation as a side effect due to its action on opioid receptors in the gut. Therefore, the statement that morphine is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery is false.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Warfarin is highly bioavailable (near 100%), so 90% is close and true. It doesn't inactivate vitamin K but inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing clotting factor synthesis, making that false. It can paradoxically cause venous thrombosis (e.g., skin necrosis) early in therapy due to protein C depletion, a true statement. Initial loading is typically 5-10 mg, not 0.5 mg, so that's false. Metronidazole increases its effect via metabolism inhibition, not bactericidal action. The thrombosis risk is a rare but serious side effect, highlighting the need for bridging with heparin during initiation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hepatitis B infection is the most common serious infection that patients can contract from a blood transfusion. It is estimated that approximately 1 in 250,000 patients receiving a blood transfusion may contract Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Blood banks and healthcare facilities have strict screening and testing procedures in place to minimize the risk of transmitting Hepatitis B through blood transfusions. It is important for patients to be aware of this risk and to follow up with their healthcare provider if they experience any symptoms of Hepatitis B after a blood transfusion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Actifed Plus combines acetaminophen (an analgesic) with antihistamine and decongestant, relieving pain alongside allergy symptoms. Sudafed PE and Triaminic contain chlorpheniramine and phenylephrine, no analgesics. Tavist has clemastine alone. Choice D's analgesic property distinguishes it, relevant for nurses advising on OTC options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Enzymatic change to a less active form is metabolism, a pharmacokinetic process altering drugs for excretion, distinct from pharmacodynamics (drug effects), active transport (energy-driven movement), or diffusion (passive spread). Pharmacokinetics governs this transformation, key to drug handling.