All are side effects of phenytoin, except:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypoglycemia. Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication that commonly causes side effects such as ataxia, hirsutism, and gum hypertrophy. However, hypoglycemia is not a known side effect of phenytoin. It is important to monitor blood sugar levels in patients taking anticonvulsants, as some medications may lead to hyperglycemia rather than hypoglycemia. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are common side effects associated with phenytoin use.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diarrhoea. Morphine is known to cause constipation, not diarrhoea. Morphine binds to opioid receptors in the gut, reducing peristalsis and causing constipation. Analgesia and sedation are known effects of morphine due to its action on the central nervous system. Morphine is also known to increase prolactin secretion by acting on the hypothalamus. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as morphine does not typically cause diarrhoea.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Olanzapine. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication, not an SSRI. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are a class of antidepressants that specifically target serotonin reuptake. Fluvoxetine, Paroxetine, and Fluvoxamine are all SSRIs used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. Olanzapine, on the other hand, is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by targeting dopamine and serotonin receptors. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it does not belong to the class of selective SSRIs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: PAF. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is the most potent agent increasing capillary permeability due to its ability to induce endothelial cell contraction and disruption of tight junctions. PAF also activates mast cells to release histamine, further enhancing vascular permeability. LTD4 can also increase capillary permeability but is less potent than PAF. PGD2 and TXA2 do not directly increase capillary permeability.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bradykinin is a peptide that primarily causes smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain by binding to its receptors. However, it does not directly cause liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by liver scarring due to various factors like alcohol abuse or hepatitis, not by the action of bradykinin. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain are all known effects of bradykinin based on its physiological functions, making them incorrect choices for this question.