All are peripheral mediators of pain, except:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Peripheral mediators of pain can sensitize nociceptors and contribute to the perception of pain. Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins are all examples of peripheral mediators that can induce pain. Amino acids, on the other hand, are not typically considered peripheral mediators of pain. While amino acids are important for many physiological processes in the body, they are not generally associated with the direct modulation of pain signaling pathways in the periphery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Coated aspirin refers to enteric-coated aspirin, which is a type of aspirin that has a special coating designed to help protect the stomach lining and reduce gastrointestinal upset. Unlike regular aspirin, enteric-coated aspirin is less likely to cause irritation to the stomach and therefore may be a better option for patients experiencing gastrointestinal issues. Switching to coated aspirin can help alleviate the patient's symptoms while still providing the antiplatelet benefits needed for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. It is important for the nurse to communicate with the provider to discuss this alternative option and ensure the patient's safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The high alert nursing implication for Morphine is to assess the level of consciousness, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that can cause respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension as side effects. Monitoring the patient's vital signs and neurological status is crucial to detect any signs of overdose or adverse reactions promptly. Maintaining vigilant observation of these parameters can help prevent serious complications and ensure the safe administration of Morphine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The best way to avoid problems with flushing or pruritus when taking niacin for antilipemic therapy is to take the medication with a full glass of water on an empty stomach. This method helps to minimize the chances of flushing or itching commonly associated with niacin therapy. Niacin can cause flushing by dilating blood vessels, leading to redness, warmth, and itching of the skin. Taking it on an empty stomach with water can help reduce the intensity of these side effects. Starting with a low initial dose and then gradually increasing it can also help to reduce flushing and other adverse effects associated with niacin therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Steady-state concentration is reached after 4-5 half-lives, when drug input equals output. Digoxin's half-life is 40 hours (1.67 days). Four half-lives is 4 × 40 = 160 hours (6.67 days), and five is 200 hours (8.33 days). Over 90% steady state occurs around 4 half-lives, roughly 6-7 days. Two days (48 hours) is only ~1.2 half-lives, far too short. Ten days (~6 half-lives) exceeds 90%, but 7 days (~4.2 half-lives) aligns with >90% (e.g., 94% at 4 half-lives). Fourteen or 18 days overshoot unnecessarily. Seven days balances precision and practicality, guiding digoxin dosing timelines in heart failure or arrhythmias.