Aldosterone:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. 2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels. 3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. 4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: - Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation. - Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. - Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH) Rationale: 1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output. 2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys. 3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume. 4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct: 1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels. 2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed. 3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine. 4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization. 5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia. C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary target of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes these hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects to the anterior pituitary. This interaction controls the release of various hormones from the anterior pituitary, regulating functions such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus do not primarily target the liver, adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow directly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It helps regulate calcium levels in the body by inhibiting bone breakdown and lowering blood calcium levels. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing various hormones, including calcitonin. Adrenal cortex (A) produces hormones like cortisol, Pituitary gland (C) produces hormones like growth hormone, and Thymus gland (D) is involved in immune function, not hormone regulation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Thyroid gland).