Alcohol suppresses the secretion of ______ and thus _______ the reabsorption of water from the kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Alcohol suppresses the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which leads to a decrease in the reabsorption of water from the kidneys. ADH is responsible for increasing water reabsorption, so suppressing it results in more water being excreted. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because alcohol does not affect aldosterone secretion, and aldosterone primarily regulates sodium reabsorption rather than water reabsorption. ADH is the hormone directly involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys, making choice A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because aldosterone actually causes an increase in blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys. This leads to an expansion of blood volume and subsequently an increase in blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because aldosterone does indeed target kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water, it is a mineralocorticoid hormone, and it causes a decrease in urine volume due to its role in water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Both A and C. Melatonin from the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles (A) by influencing the body's internal clock. It also plays a role in sexual development (C) by influencing the release of reproductive hormones. Other choices, B (water balance), are regulated by hormones like ADH and aldosterone, not melatonin. The correct answer encompasses the functions of melatonin in both sleep regulation and sexual development.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal gland is not an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones into the bloodstream. It produces tears to lubricate and cleanse the eyes. Adrenal, Pituitary, and Thyroid glands are endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various functions in the body. Adrenal glands produce cortisol and adrenaline, Pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands, and Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. Therefore, Lacrimal gland is the correct answer as it does not secrete hormones into the bloodstream like the other choices.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and then transported to the posterior pituitary gland for secretion into the bloodstream. ADH plays a key role in regulating water balance by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not the primary sites of ADH production and secretion. The adrenal cortex produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, the thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.