Alcohol causes an acute increase in the local concentrations of:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Alcohol causes an acute increase in the local concentrations of dopamine, opioid, and serotonin. Alcohol consumption leads to the release of dopamine, which is associated with pleasure and reward. It also activates the opioid system, contributing to its addictive properties. Additionally, alcohol affects the serotonin system, influencing mood regulation. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct because alcohol impacts the local concentrations of dopamine, opioid, and serotonin simultaneously.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) target the reuptake of serotonin specifically. Sertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine are all SSRIs. They do not significantly affect other neurotransmitters, making them highly selective. Therefore, all three choices are correct as they are all examples of highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Flumazenil is a competitive antagonist of BZ receptors by binding and blocking their activity. 2. Buspirone is a partial agonist at serotonin receptors, not BZ receptors. 3. Picrotoxin is a non-competitive antagonist at GABA receptors, not BZ receptors. 4. Diazepam is a positive allosteric modulator at BZ receptors, not a competitive antagonist. Summary: Flumazenil is the correct answer as it specifically targets BZ receptors as a competitive antagonist, while the other options act on different receptors or in different ways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Certainly! Nitrous oxide is the correct answer as it is the only gas anesthetic listed. It is commonly used in dentistry and minor surgeries due to its anesthetic properties. Halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane are all liquid inhalants, not gas anesthetics. Nitrous oxide stands out as the only gas option among the choices.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Carbonate mineral waters. Carbonate mineral waters do not intensify the secretion of gastric glands. Pepsin is an enzyme that aids in digestion, Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion, and Histamine is a neurotransmitter that also stimulates gastric acid secretion. Carbonate mineral waters do not have the same effect on gastric glands as the other agents listed. Therefore, the correct answer is D.