Airborne isolation is required for a child who is hospitalized with:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Airborne isolation is needed for a child hospitalized with chickenpox (varicella) because the virus causing chickenpox spreads easily through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also be transmitted through direct contact with the rash or fluid from the blisters. By implementing airborne precautions, healthcare providers aim to prevent the spread of the virus to other patients, staff, and visitors in the healthcare setting. In contrast, mumps, exanthema subitum (roseola), and erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) are generally not transmitted through airborne routes; therefore, they do not require airborne isolation in a hospital setting.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Preoperative teaching for Jose, a 4-year-old child, scheduled for a cardiac catheterization should be adapted to his level of development so that he can understand. Children at this age have limited cognitive and emotional understanding, so using simple language, visuals, and play-based strategies is essential. It is important to provide age-appropriate information to reduce anxiety and improve cooperation during the procedure. Preoperative teaching should focus on preparing Jose for what he will see, hear, and experience in a way that is tailored to his developmental stage. Involving play tools such as medical play dolls or child-friendly illustrations can help Jose grasp the concept of the procedure and alleviate fears. It is important to involve both Jose and his parents in the teaching process to ensure they understand how to support and prepare him for the procedure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enalapril maleate (Vasotec) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The main action of ACE inhibitors like enalapril is to decrease the levels of angiotensin II in the body. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a role in regulating blood pressure, stimulating aldosterone secretion, and promoting sodium and water retention. By inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, enalapril reduces vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion, leading to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and ultimately decreased levels of angiotensin II. This mechanism allows for the dilation of arterioles and veins, reduction in cardiac afterload, and ultimately decreases the workload of the heart.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The patient's symptoms of increased thirst, polyuria, decreased muscle tone, and the lab value of high calcium (8 mg/dl) indicate hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is commonly seen in cancer patients due to cancer metastasis to the bones, leading to the release of calcium. The other electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and chloride) are within normal range, ruling out other electrolyte imbalances. Multiple myeloma is a common malignancy associated with bone metastases and hypercalcemia. Symptoms of hypercalcemia may include thirst, frequent urination, weakness, confusion, and muscle pain. Treatment of hypercalcemia may involve hydration, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates, and addressing the underlying cause.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Preschool-aged children commonly believe in the reversibility of death due to their cognitive development stage, where magical thinking is prevalent.