Agents that may be used to coat enteric coated tablets include

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cellulose acetate phthalate (C) is used to coat enteric tablets, dissolving above pH 6 (intestine), protecting drugs (e.g., aspirin) from gastric acid. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (A) and carboxymethyl cellulose (B) are film-formers, not enteric-specific. No option D or original E exists. This pH-dependent coating delays release, reducing gastric irritation or degradation, critical for targeted delivery and efficacy in oral formulations, leveraging gastrointestinal pH gradients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nonlinear pharmacokinetics feature an elimination half-life (t_½) that increases as the dose increases (B), as elimination (e.g., via saturable enzymes) becomes zero-order (e.g., phenytoin), prolonging clearance at high doses. Option A is false; metabolite ratios change with saturation. Option C is incorrect; AUC rises disproportionately. Option D is wrong; high doses shift from first-order. Option E (original) about steady-state is first-order-specific. This saturation alters dosing (e.g., phenytoin monitoring), critical to avoid toxicity in nonlinear drugs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The principle of superposition assumes early doses do not affect subsequent doses (D), valid in first-order kinetics where each dose's elimination is independent, summing linearly to predict steady-state (e.g., amoxicillin). Option A suggests nonlinearity (e.g., phenytoin). Option B is zero-order (e.g., ethanol). Option C overestimates; steady-state is ~4-5 half-lives. Option E (original) is unrelated. This linearity simplifies multiple-dose design, ensuring predictable accumulation, critical for maintaining therapeutic levels without toxicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A prosthetic group (B) is a cofactor firmly bound to an apoenzyme (e.g., heme in hemoglobin), forming a functional holoenzyme, unlike loosely bound coenzymes (C, e.g., NAD⁺). Holoenzyme (A) is the complete enzyme. Transferase (D) is an enzyme class. Heteropolysaccharide (original E) is unrelated. This tight binding enhances enzyme stability and activity, critical in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP450 with heme), influencing pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A declining growth rate occurs in the stationary phase (C), where bacterial growth slows as nutrients deplete and waste accumulates, balancing birth and death (e.g., E. coli in culture). Lag phase (A) is adaptation, exponential (B) is rapid growth, and death (D) is decline. No original E. This phase mimics chronic infections, influencing antibiotic efficacy (e.g., slower kill rates), critical in pharmacology for understanding bacterial persistence and treatment duration.