After Sam fathers five children, he and his wife decide that he should have a vasectomy, which is a cutting and removal of a small section of each vas deferens. Why will this cause Sam to be infertile?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Vasectomy involves cutting and removing a small section of each vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. Step 2: By severing the vas deferens, sperm are physically blocked from reaching the urethra. Step 3: Without the ability for sperm to travel through the vas deferens to the urethra, they cannot be ejaculated during coitus. Step 4: Therefore, choice B is correct - the sperm will not be able to get from the epididymis to the urethra, causing infertility. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because ejaculation is the release of semen, not sperm. Choice C is incorrect as the testicles continue to produce sperm, but the sperm cannot reach the urethra. Choice D is incorrect as the acidity of seminal fluid does not affect the ability of sperm to travel through the vas deferens.

Correct Answer:

Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Oxytocin), C (Prolactin) Rationale: 1. Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection (let-down reflex) by contracting the muscles around the alveoli, releasing milk. 2. Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands. Summary of Other Choices: - Progesterone: Plays a role in preparing the breast for lactation but doesn't directly stimulate milk production. - Luteinizing hormone: Primarily involved in ovulation and corpus luteum formation, not milk production.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The male urethra is up to three times as long as the female urethra. This is because the male urethra serves a dual function - for both urine and semen passage, requiring a longer length for transportation. In contrast, the female urethra is shorter and primarily functions for urine passage only. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not address the primary structural difference in length between the male and female urethra.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: insulin resistance. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. This is crucial for the nurse to include in patient education. A: breast cancer is not a common complication of PCOS. B: cirrhosis of the liver is not directly related to PCOS. D: insomnia is not a typical complication of PCOS. In summary, insulin resistance is the primary concern in PCOS due to its impact on metabolic health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: pelvic floor prolapse. This condition is characterized by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments, leading to descent of pelvic organs such as the bladder into the vagina. The patient's symptoms of pelvic heaviness and sensation of something in her vagina are classic signs of pelvic floor prolapse. Examination findings of visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall further support this diagnosis. Explanation of incorrect choices: B: DES exposure - This is not a structural disorder of the female reproductive system. DES exposure is associated with adverse effects on reproductive health but does not present with visible bladder protrusion. C: Vaginal septum - This is a congenital anomaly where the vagina is divided by a septum. It does not typically present with bladder protrusion. D: Bladder fistula - This is an abnormal connection between the bladder and another structure. While it can cause urinary symptoms, it does not typically present with visible bladder protrusion into the vagina.