After completing an initial assessment of a patient, the nurse has charted that his respirations are eupneic and his pulse is 58 beats per minute. These types of data would be:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Objective. Objective data refers to measurable and observable information obtained through physical examination or diagnostic tests. In this case, the nurse's documentation of the patient's respirations and pulse rate are concrete, quantifiable data that can be verified by another healthcare provider. Eupneic respirations and a pulse rate of 58 beats per minute are specific, factual findings that can be seen or measured. On the other hand, subjective data (choice C) is based on the patient's feelings or statements, which are open to interpretation and cannot be objectively measured. Reflective (choice B) and introspective (choice D) do not apply in this context as they refer to different types of data unrelated to the patient's physical assessment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Arterial insufficiency. Cold therapy is contraindicated in cases of arterial insufficiency because it can further constrict blood vessels, worsening circulation. A: Acute sprains benefit from cold therapy to reduce inflammation. B: Spasticity can be alleviated by cold therapy as it helps to reduce muscle tone. D: Chronic muscle spasm can also be relieved by cold therapy to decrease muscle spasms and pain. Therefore, arterial insufficiency is the only condition where cold therapy should be avoided.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increased cup-to-disc ratio. On funduscopic examination of a patient with glaucoma, one would typically observe an increased cup-to-disc ratio, indicating optic nerve damage. This is a key feature of glaucoma diagnosis as it signifies progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. AV nicking, cotton wool spots, and microaneurysms are not specific findings in glaucoma, but rather associated with other conditions such as hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, they are not indicative of glaucoma on funduscopic examination.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct sequence for examining the abdomen is inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Inspection assesses overall appearance, distension, scars, and masses. Auscultation listens for bowel sounds and vascular bruits. Percussion helps identify organ borders and assess for fluid or air accumulation. Palpation evaluates tenderness, masses, and organ size. This order ensures a systematic and thorough assessment. Choice A is incorrect because palpation should occur after percussion. Choice B is incorrect as auscultation should come before percussion. Choice D is incorrect because inspection should precede auscultation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because percussing once over each area is not an appropriate technique. Percussion involves tapping the body surface repeatedly to produce sound waves. By percussing only once, the nurse may not accurately assess the underlying structures. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because lifting the striking finger quickly, striking with the fingertip, and using the wrist are all appropriate percussion techniques that allow for proper assessment of underlying structures.