After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Wound healing follows clotting (hemostasis) with inflammation, then proliferation, where fibroblasts in the dermis increase production of connective tissue (collagen) to rebuild the wound bed and form granulation tissue. Melanin production by melanocytes affects pigmentation, not repair. Pacinian corpuscles sense pressure, not part of healing, and their number doesn't increase. The stratum lucidum, a thin layer in thick skin, doesn't 'activate' in healing. Connective tissue production is the next key step in the proliferative phase, laying the foundation for wound closure, making it the correct response.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sebaceous glands, found in the dermis near hair follicles, produce sebum, an oily substance. Sebum, a mix of lipids like triglycerides and wax esters, lubricates hair and skin, preventing dryness and offering minor antimicrobial protection. It's secreted via a holocrine process cells disintegrate to release it into follicles, then to the skin surface. Milk is produced by mammary glands, modified sweat glands, not sebaceous ones. Sweat comes from eccrine and apocrine glands, distinct from sebaceous function, with water and salts, not oil. Cerumen (earwax) is made by ceruminous glands in the ear canal, a specialized sebaceous type, but not typical skin sebaceous glands. Sebum's oily nature distinguishes it, supporting skin flexibility and waterproofing, a role confirmed by histological and physiological studies of gland activity, setting it apart from other secretions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sebaceous glands are located in the dermis, the thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis, where they produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates hair and skin. They are typically associated with hair follicles, which are embedded in the dermis, and secrete sebum into the follicle to reach the surface. The digestive system is unrelated to skin glands, ruling it out entirely. The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, contains fat and connective tissue, not sebaceous glands. The stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, consists of dead, keratinized cells and lacks glands or living structures. Anatomical studies of skin consistently place sebaceous glands in the dermis, making this the correct location due to their functional and structural integration with dermal components like hair follicles and blood vessels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sudiferous glands are sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), secreting sweat, not sebum, which is an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands correctly secrete oil (sebum) to lubricate skin and hair. Apocrine glands, a type of sudiferous gland, secrete sweat into hair follicles. Ceruminous glands in the ear canal secrete cerumen (earwax). The incorrect statement is that sudiferous glands secrete sebum, as their function is sweat production, a distinction clear in skin physiology, making this the error to identify.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Transdermal administration involves applying a drug (e.g., via a patch) to the skin for systemic absorption into the bloodstream, affecting the whole body, like fentanyl patches. Topical administration targets local skin effects, like antibiotic creams. Intradermal injections deliver into the dermis, not surface application. Subcutaneous administration goes beneath the skin via injection. 'Trans' (across) indicates crossing the skin barrier for systemic action, a method reliant on the skin's permeability, making this the correct term.