Afferent arterioles

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Afferent arterioles arise from interlobular (from arcuate), supply glomerulus, and have JG cells all true. This fully describes their role, key for filtration, contrasting with partial traits.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The pronephric duct's caudal end opens into the cloaca not primitive/definitive urogenital sinus (later), vesicourethral canal (bladder), or coelom. The cloaca is the early common chamber, critical for pronephric regression and mesonephric transition, contrasting with later subdivisions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Premature ureteric bud division causes duplex ureter (one kidney, two ureters) not hypertrophy, agenesis, cysts, or shared ureter. This reflects branching error, key for anomalies, contrasting with unrelated defects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urine from umbilicus is urachal fistula (patent allantois) not vitelline (gut), ectopia vesicae (exstrophy), or ectopic ureter/urethra. This identifies congenital leak, key for diagnosis, contrasting with other fistulae.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Low blood supply triggers renin release JGA senses pressure drop (e.g., activates RAAS). Aldosterone is adrenal not kidney-produced. ANH from heart opposes retention. Water isn't released reabsorbed. Renin's response distinguishes it, key to restoring perfusion, unlike hormones or fluid missteps.