Adverse effect caused by phenobarbital is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication that can cause physical and psychological dependence, leading to addiction (Choice A). It can also exacerbate petit mal epilepsy by lowering seizure threshold (Choice B). Additionally, sedation is a common side effect of phenobarbital due to its central nervous system depressant properties (Choice C). Therefore, all of the above choices are correct, making option D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Alcohol consumption before going outdoors in extremely cold weather can lead to increased risk of hypothermia as it dilates blood vessels and causes heat loss. However, after coming indoors from the cold, having some alcohol may not pose the same risk as the body is already in a warm environment and can regulate its temperature better. Therefore, it is important to avoid alcohol before exposure to cold but may be harmless after being in a warm place. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the specific considerations related to alcohol consumption in cold weather.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thiothixene. Thiothixene is a thioxanthene derivative due to its chemical structure containing a thioxanthene ring system. Haloperidol, Clozapine, and Chlorpromazine are not thioxanthene derivatives. Haloperidol is a butyrophenone, Clozapine is a dibenzodiazepine, and Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it is the only antipsychotic drug among the options that belongs to the thioxanthene class based on its chemical structure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants like trazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine have fewer antimuscarinic effects compared to older tricyclic antidepressants. These newer antidepressants have a more selective mechanism of action, targeting specific neurotransmitters, which leads to reduced antimuscarinic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Therefore, all three options have minimal antimuscarinic effects, making them favorable choices for patients who are sensitive to these side effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clordiazepoxide. Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their sedative and anxiolytic properties. Clordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine derivative due to its chemical structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. This structure is characteristic of benzodiazepines and is responsible for their pharmacological effects. A: Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that works through a different mechanism by acting as a partial agonist at serotonin receptors. C: Meprobamate is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines. D: Chloral hydrate is a sedative-hypnotic drug with a different chemical structure and mechanism of action compared to benzodiazepines.