ADH secretion is increased by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Angiotensin II stimulates ADH (vasopressin) release from the posterior pituitary, enhancing water retention to raise blood volume in hypovolemia. Alcohol inhibits ADH, causing diuresis. Carbamazepine can increase ADH (SIADH risk), but isn't primary. High ECF volume suppresses ADH via stretch receptors. Angiotensin II's role distinguishes it, key to RAAS-ADH synergy, unlike inhibitory or secondary triggers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) promote gluconeogenesis, support myocardial contractility (via catecholamine sensitivity), and inhibit glucose uptake (insulin resistance), but don't decrease vascular resistance they maintain or increase it via permissive effects on angiotensin II/vasopressors. Decreased resistance aligns with ANP/vasodilators, not cortisol. Vascular support distinguishes glucocorticoid action, critical for stress response, unlike metabolic or cardiac roles.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Insulin increases amino acid uptake into cells, promoting protein synthesis anabolic role. It enhances K⁺ uptake (with glucose), not reduces key in hyperkalemia treatment. Absorption varies by injection site (e.g., abdomen faster than thigh). It inhibits protein catabolism, not increases. Amino acid uptake distinguishes insulin's growth function, critical for metabolism, unlike K⁺, pharmacokinetics, or catabolic claims.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Down-regulation occurs when excessive hormone levels reduce target-cell receptor numbers, preventing overstimulation a negative feedback mechanism. 'Receptor recognition' isn't a process, 'sensory adaptation' applies to nerves, and 'paracrine regulation' involves local signaling not receptor adjustment. Though option D isn't listed, context and endocrine principles confirm 'down-regulation' as standard terminology (likely missing due to OCR cutoff). This adaptive response distinguishes endocrine self-regulation, vital for homeostasis, contrasting with static or unrelated mechanisms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary secrete human growth hormone (hGH), driving growth unlike thyrotrophs (TSH), gonadotrophs (LH/FSH), lactotrophs (prolactin), or corticotrophs (ACTH). This cellular specificity distinguishes GH's production, key to skeletal and tissue development, contrasting with other pituitary functions.