ADH is secreted by the

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: ADH (antidiuretic hormone), also known as vasopressin, is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ADH plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. When the body senses a decrease in blood volume or an increase in blood osmolarity, ADH is released to signal the kidneys to conserve water, leading to concentrated urine production and water retention in the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In understanding why acromegaly is associated with certain features, we must delve into the pathophysiology of the condition. Acromegaly results from excess growth hormone (GH) production, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. This excess GH leads to various manifestations, including soft tissue and skeletal overgrowth. A) Acanthosis nigricans is not typically associated with acromegaly. This skin condition is more commonly linked to insulin resistance in conditions like diabetes. B) Fibromata mollusca, also known as skin tags, can be seen in individuals with acromegaly due to the excessive tissue growth characteristic of the condition. C) Micrognathia, or a small jaw, is not a feature of acromegaly. In fact, individuals with acromegaly often present with a prominent jaw due to overgrowth of facial bones. D) Cardiomegaly, or an enlarged heart, is a known complication of acromegaly. Excess GH can lead to cardiovascular complications such as hypertrophy and dilation of the heart chambers. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of acromegaly is crucial for healthcare providers to recognize and diagnose this condition early. Differentiating between features associated with acromegaly and those that are not helps in accurate diagnosis and management of patients with this disorder.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol hormone. While Cushing's syndrome can manifest with a variety of symptoms, peripheral neuropathy is not a typical feature of this condition. Cushing's syndrome is commonly associated with symptoms such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), purple striae (skin stretch marks that are purple in color), and acne due to the hormonal imbalances it creates. Peripheral neuropathy, which involves damage to the peripheral nerves leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the extremities, is not a characteristic symptom of Cushing's syndrome.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adulthood, usually due to a pituitary tumor. The cranial nerves that may be affected in acromegaly are Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens) due to compression of the optic chiasm by the expanding tumor. Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal nerve) may also be affected given its close proximity to the pituitary gland. However, Cranial Nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) is not typically involved in acromegaly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism, is a condition characterized by pituitary gland dysfunction due to severe blood loss during childbirth, resulting in ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland. As a consequence of pituitary hormone deficiency, one of the hallmark manifestations of Sheehan's syndrome is persistent lactation despite stopping breastfeeding. This occurs due to inadequate prolactin inhibition, leading to continuous milk production. Other common symptoms of Sheehan's syndrome include fatigue, weight loss, menstrual irregularities, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Cardiac failure, fever, and striking cachexia are not typical presentations associated with Sheehan's syndrome.