Addition of a progestin for 10-12 days each month to estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women is recommended because the progestin:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma due to unopposed estrogen stimulation. Adding a progestin for 10-12 days each month helps to counteract this risk by providing progestational support, which protects the endometrium from estrogen-induced hyperplasia and potential malignant transformation. This combination therapy is known as hormone replacement therapy and is commonly recommended to reduce the risk of endometrial carcinoma in menopausal women receiving estrogen therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyper-vitaminosis D refers to an excessive intake of vitamin D leading to an elevated level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). The common features of hyper-vitaminosis D include symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and kidney disorders. However, hypertension is not a typical feature associated with hyper-vitaminosis D. Instead, hypertension is commonly associated with conditions such as high salt intake, obesity, and stress. Hence, hypertension is not a feature of hyper-vitaminosis D.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Parathormone, also known as parathyroid hormone (PTH), is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. Its primary function is to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. One of the main actions of parathormone is to increase the resorption of calcium from the bone. This means that PTH stimulates the osteoclasts in bone tissue to break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This helps to increase the levels of calcium in the blood when they are low. The other functions of parathormone include increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and promoting the formation of active vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption in the intestines.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oxytocin is the drug of choice for controlling postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, helping to prevent and control excessive bleeding after childbirth. It is given via an intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection to help the uterus contract and reduce bleeding by causing the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract. Oxytocin is preferred due to its effectiveness, safety profile, and established role in managing postpartum hemorrhage. Other medications like Methylergometrine, Dihydroergotamine, and Prostaglandin E2 may also be used in certain situations, but oxytocin is the first-line drug for this purpose.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: While the combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive pill offers various health benefits, such as reducing menstrual blood loss, lowering the risk of fibrocystic breast disease, and decreasing the risk of endometrial carcinoma, it is important to note that it is associated with a slightly increased risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) compared to non-users. This is particularly significant in women who have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, or obesity. Overall, the cardiovascular risks should be carefully evaluated and discussed with a healthcare provider before initiating the use of the combined oral contraceptive pill, especially in women with existing cardiovascular risk factors.