Adaptogens cause:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Adaptogens are known for increasing resistance to stress and promoting adaptation to various stressors. Step 2: The correct answer, D, aligns with the primary function of adaptogens. Step 3: Option A pertains more to performance enhancement and recovery, not specifically stress resilience. Step 4: Option B focuses on physiological responses, not stress adaptation. Step 5: Option C addresses fatigue relief but does not emphasize stress resistance like adaptogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Desflurane. Desflurane is known to cause airway irritation due to its pungent smell and irritant properties, leading to coughing and bronchospasms. This is because desflurane is a volatile anesthetic with a low blood-gas partition coefficient, causing rapid uptake and elimination, which can irritate the airway. A: Nitrous oxide is not known to cause airway irritation. It is a non-irritating gas, commonly used as an anesthetic in combination with other agents. B: Sevoflurane is a non-irritating anesthetic that is widely used in anesthesia practice. C: Halothane can cause hepatotoxicity but is not specifically associated with airway irritation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why "A: De-nol" is the correct answer: 1. De-nol contains the active ingredient bismuth subcitrate, which stimulates the protective function of the mucous barrier. 2. Bismuth subcitrate forms a protective layer on the mucous membrane, enhancing its stability against damaging factors. 3. This protective effect helps prevent damage to the mucous membrane from factors like acid, bile salts, and other irritants. 4. Sucralfate also forms a protective barrier but through a different mechanism, making it an incorrect choice. 5. Misoprostol and Omeprazole are not directly involved in stimulating the protective function of the mucous barrier, making them incorrect choices. Summary: De-nol is the correct choice because it directly stimulates the protective function of the mucous barrier and enhances the stability of the mucous membrane against damaging factors. Sucralfate, Misoprostol, and Omeprazole

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Abciximab. Abciximab is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, which prevents platelet aggregation. It works by binding to the receptor and blocking the final common pathway of platelet aggregation. Aspirin (A) inhibits cyclooxygenase, Clopidogrel (B) and Ticlopidine (C) are P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitors, not glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Abciximab (D) is the only drug among the choices that directly targets the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors on platelets, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, None of the above. Nifedipine and Verapamil are calcium channel blockers used for hypertension and angina, not as bronchodilators. Nifedipine can even cause bronchoconstriction as a side effect. Therefore, they are not effective bronchodilators. A and B are incorrect choices.