Acyclovir is indicated for treatment of:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpes simplex infections. This antiviral medication works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, specifically herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. It is commonly used to treat oral and genital herpes infections in pediatric patients. Option A is correct because acyclovir is specifically designed to target herpes simplex viruses, making it an effective treatment for these infections. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because acyclovir is not indicated for the treatment of enteroviruses, mumps, or measles. Enteroviruses are a different family of viruses that require different treatment approaches. Mumps and measles are viral infections caused by different pathogens, and acyclovir is not effective against these viruses. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate use of medications like acyclovir is crucial for pediatric nurses. By knowing the indications and contraindications of medications, nurses can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. It is essential for nurses to have a strong foundation in pharmacology to make informed decisions when administering medications to children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Pleomorphic rash. In pediatric nursing, recognizing the characteristic signs of common childhood illnesses like chickenpox is crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Chickenpox is characterized by a pleomorphic rash, which means the rash appears in various forms like papules, vesicles, and crusts at different stages of development. This rash is pathognomonic, meaning it is characteristic and specific to chickenpox, aiding in its diagnosis. Option A) Circumoral pallor is not specific to chickenpox but can be seen in conditions like anemia or certain infections. Option C) Strawberry tongue is typically associated with Scarlet fever, not chickenpox. Option D) Lymphadenopathy, although possible in chickenpox, is a common feature in many infectious diseases and not pathognomonic of chickenpox. Educationally, understanding the key clinical manifestations of childhood diseases is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing pathognomonic signs like the pleomorphic rash in chickenpox can lead to prompt interventions, isolation measures, and appropriate treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Arthralgia without objective evidence (swelling, redness) is a minor criterion in acute rheumatic fever. Other minor criteria include fever, elevated acute-phase reactants (ESR, CRP), and prolonged PR interval. The major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the most likely diagnosis for a 1-year-old infant with cyanosis and known heart disease is Tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is missing or abnormally developed, leading to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, resulting in cyanosis. A) Atrial septal defect: While an atrial septal defect can also present with cyanosis, it typically causes less severe symptoms than tricuspid atresia. It involves a hole in the wall (septum) separating the top two chambers of the heart. B) Coarctation of the aorta: Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, which can lead to high blood pressure and poor circulation but is not typically associated with cyanosis. C) Patent ductus arteriosus: A patent ductus arteriosus is a condition where a fetal blood vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close after birth. While it can lead to complications, it is not the most likely diagnosis for cyanosis in this case. Educational Context: Understanding pediatric cardiac conditions is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care for infants and children with heart defects. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of various cardiac conditions helps nurses intervene promptly and appropriately. Tricuspid atresia is a complex condition that requires specialized care and monitoring to ensure the child's well-being. Nurses must be knowledgeable about different congenital heart defects to deliver safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the clinical presentations of chronic heart failure in infants is crucial for early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option C, "Acute weight gain due to edema formation," is not typically seen in infants with chronic heart failure. This is because infants with heart failure tend to exhibit poor weight gain or even weight loss due to the increased metabolic demands on their compromised heart. Option A, "Feeding difficulty," is a common presentation in infants with heart failure due to fatigue and increased work of breathing during feeding. Option B, "Excessive sweating with feeding," is also a common symptom seen in infants with heart failure as their bodies try to compensate for the decreased cardiac output by increasing sympathetic tone. Option D, "Nocturnal irritability and cough," can be seen in infants with heart failure due to difficulty breathing when lying flat. Educationally, recognizing these clinical presentations can aid healthcare providers in timely diagnosis and management of pediatric patients with heart failure. It is important for nurses to be vigilant for subtle signs and symptoms in infants, as they may not present with classic adult heart failure symptoms. Regular assessments, including monitoring growth patterns, feeding behaviors, and respiratory status, are essential in caring for infants at risk for or diagnosed with heart failure.