Acute renal failure due to a decrease in circulating blood volume causing diminished renal perfusion is treated with:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intravenous fluids. Acute renal failure due to decreased blood volume requires fluid resuscitation to improve renal perfusion and function. This restores circulating volume and improves renal blood flow, helping to prevent further kidney damage. Inotropic agents (B) are used to improve heart function, erythropoietin (C) stimulates red blood cell production, and diuretics (D) increase urine output but can further decrease blood volume in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute Pain. The priority nursing diagnosis for a patient passing stones into the lower urinary tract is acute pain because the patient is likely experiencing severe discomfort due to the passage of stones. Managing pain is crucial for the patient's comfort and well-being. Choice B: Risk for Infection is not the priority at this time because the immediate concern is addressing the patient's acute pain. Choice C: Risk for Injury is not the priority as the patient is not at immediate risk of injury related to passing stones. Choice D: Fear of Recurrent Stones is not the priority as the patient's current focus should be on managing the acute pain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because palpating an empty bladder at the level of the symphysis pubis is a standard step in assessing the urinary system. This helps determine the size, shape, and tenderness of the bladder. Auscultating for fluid sounds in the lower abdominal quadrants (choice A) is incorrect as this is done to assess bowel sounds, not the urinary system. Percussing the kidney (choice C) is not a common practice as it may cause harm. Positioning the patient prone to palpate the kidneys (choice D) is incorrect as the kidneys are typically palpated with a posterior approach while the patient is in a supine or side-lying position.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because obtaining a clean-catch midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity is essential to confirm the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. This method helps to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Choice B is incorrect as waiting for the development of severe symptoms like fever, chills, and flank pain can lead to complications and delayed treatment. Choice C is incorrect because empirical treatment without confirming the specific bacteria and their sensitivity can lead to inappropriate antibiotic use and potential antibiotic resistance. Choice D is incorrect as a blood specimen for CBC and kidney function tests is not the primary intervention for a suspected UTI.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: 1. Glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated condition where the accumulation of immune complexes in the glomeruli triggers inflammation and damages the kidney. 2. Immune complexes can form due to various reasons like infections or autoimmune disorders, leading to glomerular injury. 3. This immune complex deposition activates the complement system and attracts inflammatory cells, causing further damage to the glomeruli. Summary of Other Choices: A. Growth of microorganisms in the glomeruli is not a characteristic feature of glomerulonephritis, as it is primarily an immune-mediated condition. B. The release of bacterial substances toxic to the glomeruli is not the primary mechanism of injury in glomerulonephritis. D. Hemolysis of red blood cells circulating in the glomeruli is not a direct cause of glomerulonephritis; it is more characteristic of conditions like hemolytic uremic syndrome.