Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is associated with which radiological sign?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the upper airway. The radiological sign associated with this condition is the "steeple sign," which refers to the narrowing of the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage, resembling a steeple shape on imaging studies. Option A, enlargement of the adenoids, is incorrect as it is not a radiological sign specifically associated with acute laryngotracheobronchitis. Enlarged adenoids may be seen in other conditions but are not indicative of croup. Option B, jet black lungs, is also incorrect as this description does not relate to any characteristic radiological finding in acute laryngotracheobronchitis. It is an unrelated and misleading choice. Option D, thumb sign, is incorrect as well. The thumb sign is typically associated with epiglottitis, not croup. In epiglottitis, the swollen epiglottis appears like a thumb on lateral neck X-rays, which is a distinct finding from the steeple sign seen in croup. Understanding these radiological signs is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, as it aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of respiratory conditions in children. Recognizing the steeple sign in croup can guide healthcare professionals in providing timely interventions to relieve airway obstruction and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a potentially life-threatening oncologic emergency that occurs as a result of the massive lysis of tumor cells leading to the release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream. This release can cause metabolic imbalances, including hyperkalemia. Option B, hyperkalemia, is the correct answer because during tumor lysis, there is a significant release of potassium from the lysed cells into the bloodstream, leading to elevated serum potassium levels. This can result in dangerous cardiac arrhythmias and other complications if not promptly managed. Options A, C, and D are incorrect for the following reasons: - Hypernatremia (Option A) is not typically associated with tumor lysis syndrome. It is more commonly seen in conditions like dehydration or diabetes insipidus. - Hypokalemia (Option C) is the opposite of what would be expected in TLS due to the massive release of potassium from lysed cells. - Hyponatremia (Option D) is also not a typical finding in TLS. It is more commonly seen in conditions like syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) or fluid overload. In an educational context, understanding the metabolic abnormalities associated with tumor lysis syndrome is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cancer. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of TLS and knowing how to manage its complications, such as hyperkalemia, are essential for providing safe and effective care to these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. Option B, stating that an abdominal mass is the most common clinical presentation of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is the correct answer. This is because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presents with enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen, leading to the detection of an abdominal mass upon physical examination or imaging studies. Option A, stating that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is less common than Hodgkin's lymphoma, is incorrect. In fact, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common than Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 90% of all lymphomas diagnosed. Option C, suggesting that systemic symptoms are common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is incorrect. While systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats can occur in some cases, they are not as common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma as in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Option D, claiming that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unicentric in origin, is also incorrect. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is multicentric in origin, meaning it can involve multiple lymph nodes and organs throughout the body. In an educational context, understanding the clinical presentations and characteristics of different types of lymphoma is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, as they play a vital role in the assessment, care, and support of children with cancer. By knowing the common clinical presentations of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, nurses can promptly recognize symptoms, facilitate timely diagnosis, and provide appropriate care and education to patients and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of hyperkalemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer is B) Metabolic acidosis. In metabolic acidosis, hydrogen ions move into cells in exchange for potassium ions, leading to a shift of potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular space, causing hyperkalemia without an actual excess of potassium. Option A) Addison's disease is incorrect because it is associated with primary adrenal insufficiency leading to decreased aldosterone secretion, which can result in hyperkalemia due to potassium retention. Option C) Renal failure is incorrect because it can lead to hyperkalemia by impairing the kidneys' ability to excrete potassium, resulting in potassium buildup in the body. Option D) Potassium-sparing diuretics are incorrect because they can cause hyperkalemia by reducing potassium excretion in the kidneys, leading to an excess of potassium in the body. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the pathophysiology of hyperkalemia and its various causes in pediatric patients. Nurses must be able to differentiate between conditions that can lead to hyperkalemia with or without actual potassium excess to provide appropriate interventions and prevent potential complications in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The difference between unmeasured plasma cations and anions. The anion gap is a calculated value used in medicine to help diagnose certain conditions, particularly acid-base disorders. It represents the difference between the major measured cations (sodium and potassium) and the major measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in the blood. The unmeasured plasma cations and anions, such as sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids, contribute to the anion gap. Option A is incorrect because it oversimplifies the concept by only focusing on positively and negatively charged plasma molecules, without considering specific ions involved in the anion gap calculation. Option B is incorrect because it misidentifies the components involved in the anion gap. While sodium is a major cation, the anion gap is not just the difference between sodium and unmeasured negatively charged molecules. Option D is incorrect because it confuses the anion gap with the normal reference range for bicarbonate levels, which is not the same as the anion gap calculation. Understanding the anion gap is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics, as it can help in diagnosing conditions like metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. It is essential for nurses working in pediatric settings to grasp this concept to provide optimal care for their patients and effectively communicate with other healthcare team members.