Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is associated with which of the following radiological signs:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, also known as croup, is a common respiratory condition in children characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The radiological sign associated with acute laryngotracheobronchitis is the "steeple sign," which refers to the characteristic subglottic narrowing and tapered appearance on imaging studies. This sign is indicative of the narrowing of the airway at the level of the cricoid cartilage, a hallmark feature of croup. Option A, generalized hyperinflation, is not typically seen in acute laryngotracheobronchitis. Hyperinflation is more commonly associated with conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Option B, lobar consolidation, is not a typical finding in croup. Lobar consolidation is more commonly seen in conditions such as pneumonia, where there is a buildup of fluid or pus in a specific lobe of the lung. Option D, thumb sign, is associated with epiglottitis, another upper airway condition. The thumb sign refers to swelling of the epiglottis, leading to a thumb-like appearance on imaging studies. This finding is not specific to acute laryngotracheobronchitis. Understanding the radiological signs associated with different respiratory conditions is crucial for pediatric nurses in diagnosing and managing these conditions effectively. Recognizing the steeple sign in acute laryngotracheobronchitis can help healthcare providers initiate appropriate treatment promptly. It is essential for nurses to be able to differentiate between various radiological signs to provide optimal care for pediatric patients with respiratory illnesses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the most likely diagnosis for a neonate presenting with cyanosis that worsens with feeding and improves with crying is choanal atresia, making option D the correct answer. Choanal atresia is a congenital condition where there is a blockage of the nasal passage due to bony or membranous tissue, leading to difficulty breathing through the nose. When the neonate cries, they are able to improve oxygenation by breathing through their mouth, alleviating the cyanosis temporarily. Option A, Tetralogy of Fallot, is characterized by a set of four heart defects and typically presents with cyanosis that is not influenced by crying or feeding. Option B, Respiratory distress syndrome, usually presents with respiratory distress, tachypnea, and grunting, rather than the specific cyanosis pattern described in the question. Option C, Transposition of the great arteries, would present with severe cyanosis from birth and would not typically improve with crying. Educationally, understanding the different presentations of cyanosis in neonates is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide timely and appropriate care. Recognizing the specific signs and symptoms associated with various conditions allows for prompt intervention and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It is essential for nurses to have a solid foundation in pediatric conditions to accurately assess, diagnose, and intervene in neonatal emergencies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Transient tachypnea of the newborn. Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a common respiratory condition in term infants. The presentation of tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, and chest X-ray findings of fluid in lung fissures are classic signs of TTN. TTN occurs due to delayed reabsorption of fetal lung fluid after birth, leading to respiratory distress. Option A) Neonatal pneumonia typically presents with fever, poor feeding, and signs of systemic infection, which are not described in the scenario. Option B) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is more common in preterm infants and is due to surfactant deficiency. Chest X-ray findings in RDS would show a ground-glass appearance rather than fluid in lung fissures. Option D) Meconium aspiration syndrome is characterized by meconium-stained amniotic fluid, respiratory distress, and possible chemical pneumonitis from meconium aspiration. It does not typically present with the chest X-ray findings described in the scenario. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnoses of respiratory distress in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of TTN, as well as differentiating it from other conditions, allows for prompt and appropriate management to ensure optimal outcomes for the newborn.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding acute bronchiolitis is crucial due to its prevalence and impact on infants. The correct answer, option D, states that the disease is more benign in infants born prematurely. This is incorrect because infants born prematurely are actually at higher risk for severe bronchiolitis due to their underdeveloped immune systems and respiratory function. Option A is true because epidemics of bronchiolitis often occur during winter when respiratory viruses are more prevalent. Option B is correct as the disease primarily affects infants younger than 2 years of age due to their smaller airways and immature immune systems. Option C is incorrect because ribavirin is not recommended for routine treatment of acute bronchiolitis, and immunodeficiency is not an indication for its use. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the specific characteristics of acute bronchiolitis in pediatric patients. It emphasizes the need for nurses to be knowledgeable about risk factors, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based treatments for this common respiratory condition in infants. By understanding these key points, nurses can provide optimal care and support to pediatric patients with acute bronchiolitis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the manifestation of atelectasis due to foreign body inhalation is crucial for prompt diagnosis and intervention. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Percussion note is usually normal. This is because atelectasis, which is the collapse of lung tissue, typically results in a dull percussion note due to the consolidation of lung tissue. Option A) states that the mediastinum is pulled towards the affected side, which can occur due to lung collapse and volume loss. Option B) mentions narrowed intercostal spaces on the affected side, which can be seen as a compensatory mechanism to reduce the volume of the collapsed lung. Option D) indicates reduced breath sounds, which is expected when there is a decrease in air movement in the affected area. Educationally, understanding these clinical signs helps nurses differentiate atelectasis from other respiratory conditions. By recognizing the absence of a dull percussion note in atelectasis due to foreign body inhalation, nurses can provide timely care and prevent potential complications. This knowledge is vital for pediatric nurses working in emergency departments or pediatric clinics where prompt assessment and intervention are critical for positive patient outcomes.