Acute bronchiolitis is associated with:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding acute bronchiolitis is crucial for nurses caring for children. The correct answer is A) A higher incidence in infants than in school children. This is because acute bronchiolitis primarily affects infants under the age of 2, with the peak incidence occurring in the first year of life. Infants have smaller airways that are more susceptible to inflammation and obstruction by viruses, leading to bronchiolitis. Option B) The production of copious amounts of purulent sputum is incorrect because acute bronchiolitis is typically caused by a viral infection, leading to inflammation and mucus production, but the sputum is usually not purulent. Option C) Widespread fine crackles is incorrect as this finding is more commonly associated with conditions like pneumonia, not necessarily bronchiolitis. Option D) A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis is incorrect because bronchiolitis is typically caused by viruses, leading to a lymphocytic predominance in the white blood cell count, rather than polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Educationally, it is important for nurses to understand the age group most affected by acute bronchiolitis, its typical clinical presentation, and the differences in diagnostic findings compared to other respiratory conditions commonly seen in children. This knowledge helps nurses provide appropriate care, monitor for complications, and educate families on managing the condition at home.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the effects of drugs on electrolyte balance is crucial. The correct answer, option C) Salbutamol for asthma, causes hypokalemia. Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that can stimulate the Na+/K+ pump, leading to potassium shifting into cells and subsequent hypokalemia. This effect is important to monitor in pediatric patients to prevent cardiac arrhythmias. Option A) Commencement of digoxin for atrial fibrillation is incorrect because digoxin can actually lead to hyperkalemia due to its effects on renal potassium excretion. Option B) ACE inhibitors typically do not cause hypokalemia; instead, they can lead to hyperkalemia due to their mechanism of action on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Option D) Vitamin B1 for the treatment of pernicious anemia is incorrect as it does not have a direct impact on potassium levels. Understanding the specific effects of medications on electrolytes is essential for safe pediatric pharmacological management, especially in cardiovascular conditions where electrolyte imbalances can have serious consequences on cardiac function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the cranial nerves and their functions is crucial as they play a significant role in regulating autonomic functions. The correct answer is option D) Vagus nerve. The vagus nerve, also known as cranial nerve X, carries pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves that innervate various organs in the thorax and abdomen, including the heart. It is responsible for regulating heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, and respiratory function in children. Option A) Oculomotor nerve controls the movements of the eye and is not primarily involved in carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option B) Trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and motor functions for chewing. It is not associated with carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option C) Facial nerve controls facial expressions and taste sensation, but it does not carry pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Educationally, knowing the specific functions of each cranial nerve is vital for pediatric nurses when assessing and managing cardiovascular conditions in children. Understanding the role of the vagus nerve in regulating autonomic functions helps nurses provide comprehensive care and anticipate potential complications related to the cardiovascular system in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the typical features of Down's syndrome is crucial for providing holistic care to patients. The correct answer, option B) Hypotonia, is a key characteristic of Down's syndrome. Hypotonia, or reduced muscle tone, is commonly observed in individuals with Down's syndrome and can impact their motor development and overall physical abilities. Option A) Brachycephaly refers to a shortened head shape, which is not a typical feature of Down's syndrome. Male infertility, option C), is not a common characteristic associated with Down's syndrome. Option D) Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is more indicative of neural tube defects rather than Down's syndrome. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients with Down's syndrome. Recognizing the unique features of this condition can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and tailored care planning to optimize outcomes for these individuals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the correct answer is D) Hyperinflation is an associated finding. BPD is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who have been treated with oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Hyperinflation occurs as a result of air trapping in the lungs due to inflammation, scarring, and damage to the tiny air sacs. This leads to increased residual volume and decreased expiratory flow rates. Option A) Lung compliance is increased is incorrect because in BPD, lung compliance is actually decreased due to the fibrotic changes in the lungs. Option B) Bronchial reactivity is increased is incorrect because BPD primarily affects the alveoli and air sacs, leading to respiratory distress and not bronchial reactivity. Option C) Lung function typically improves with age is incorrect as BPD can lead to long-term respiratory complications and lung function deficits that may persist into adulthood. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of BPD is crucial for pediatric cardiovascular nurses to provide appropriate care and interventions for infants with this condition. Recognizing the associated findings like hyperinflation can guide treatment strategies and improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.