ACTH stimulates the:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Step 1: ACTH is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Step 2: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol. Choice A is incorrect because CRH is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate ACTH release. Choice B is incorrect because cortisol is produced in the adrenal cortex, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, not glucagon.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones involved in the body's response to stress or danger. These hormones help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because: A: The adrenal medulla is actually part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, not the "feed-and-breed" division. C: Steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. D: Cushing syndrome is caused by overactivity of the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) acts on the kidneys by increasing calcium reabsorption and increasing the excretion of phosphate in the urine. PTH stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more calcium to maintain normal blood calcium levels. It also enhances the excretion of phosphate in the urine, helping to lower blood phosphate levels. Option A is incorrect because PTH does not block sodium reabsorption or increase water excretion in the kidneys. Option C is incorrect as PTH does not decrease the reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. Option D is incorrect because PTH does not increase the excretion of H+ or bicarbonate.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because gonadotropins are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex, and epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla. The anterior pituitary gland secretes gonadotropins such as FSH and LH. The adrenal cortex synthesizes aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine, involved in the fight or flight response. Choices A and C are incorrect because they do not match the correct associations of the hormones with their respective glands. Choice B is incorrect as the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are not part of the anterior pituitary gland.