Acetazolamide is not frequently used as diuretic but the current indication is * in the treatment of:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in treating glaucoma due to its ability to decrease intraocular pressure. The drug works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye. This mechanism makes it an effective treatment for glaucoma. In contrast, liver cirrhosis (choice A) is typically managed with diuretics that act on the kidneys to reduce fluid accumulation. CHF (choice B) is commonly treated with loop diuretics to reduce fluid overload and improve cardiac function. Acetazolamide is not indicated for treating heart failure. Kidney failure (choice D) may require diuretics to manage fluid balance, but acetazolamide is not the first-line treatment in this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as acetazolamide's current indication is in the treatment of glaucoma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream. Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because renal colic can present without hematuria. Renal colic is typically associated with severe flank pain caused by ureteral stones. Hematuria is a common symptom but not always present. This is due to the stone's location and size affecting the degree of irritation and damage to the urinary tract. Therefore, the absence of hematuria does not exclude the possibility of renal colic. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Females are not more commonly affected than males, calculi can be either radio-opaque or radio-lucent, and the recurrence rate by 5 years is closer to 50% rather than 20%.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysuria. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, which is a common symptom of prostatitis due to inflammation of the prostate gland. The patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination aligns with the definition of dysuria. B: This choice is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information related to the patient's symptoms. C: Nocturia is the increased need to urinate at night and is not directly related to the patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination. D: This choice is also incomplete and does not address the patient's specific symptoms of prostatitis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Men with a history of cryptorchidism are at the greatest risk for the development of testicular cancer. This is because cryptorchidism, which is the condition of undescended testicles, is a known risk factor for testicular cancer. When the testicles do not descend properly, there is an increased likelihood of cancer development. This statement is true as individuals with cryptorchidism have a higher risk of testicular cancer compared to those without this condition. Other choices are incorrect: A: Testicular cancer is not the most common cancer in men aged 30 to 50 years. Prostate cancer is more common in this age group. B: The early symptoms of testicular cancer are not pain and induration. Common symptoms include painless testicular swelling or a lump. D: The cure rate for testicular cancer is actually high, especially when detected early. This statement is incorrect.