According to Piaget, a 6-month-old infant should be in which developmental stage?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a 6-month-old infant is typically in the stage of secondary circular reactions. This stage occurs between 4 to 8 months of age and is characterized by the infant's increasing ability to repeat interesting actions on objects in their environment. Infants at this stage start to explore and manipulate objects around them, showing a growing curiosity and intentionality in their actions. Option A, the use of reflexes, is incorrect because it refers to the earliest stage of development (0-1 month), where infants primarily rely on reflexes such as sucking and grasping. Option B, primary circular reactions, is also incorrect as it typically occurs between 1-4 months, where infants start to repeat actions involving their own bodies, like sucking their thumb. Option D, coordination of secondary schemata, is not the stage a 6-month-old infant would be in according to Piaget's theory. This stage occurs later in infancy when children start to combine and coordinate different schemes or actions. Understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is crucial for nurses caring for children as it helps in assessing and promoting age-appropriate interactions and interventions. By knowing the typical behaviors and abilities associated with each stage, nurses can provide appropriate developmental support and education to both children and their caregivers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of child development, understanding when infants typically begin to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning is crucial for nurses caring for children. The correct answer is C) 10 months. At around 10 months of age, most infants start to associate these words with their parents or caregivers, showing early language development and attachment. Option A) 4 months is too early for most infants to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning. Infants at this age are typically still developing their communication skills and may not have associated these words with specific individuals yet. Option B) 6 months is also early for meaningful use of "mama" and "dada." While infants may start babbling and making sounds around this age, it is less likely that they have attached these words to their parents. Option D) 14 months is too late for most infants to start saying "mama" and "dada" with meaning. By this age, most infants would have already developed some basic language skills and would be expected to use these familiar words more purposefully. Understanding typical developmental milestones like language acquisition in infants is essential for nurses working with children. It helps them assess a child's progress, provide appropriate interventions if needed, and offer support and guidance to parents regarding their child's development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of nursing care of children, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for assessing a child's growth and well-being. In this case, the correct answer is B) 2 months. Infants typically begin to smile in response to pleasurable stimuli around this age as part of their social and emotional development. At 1 month (option A), infants are usually still developing their visual acuity and motor skills, making it less likely for them to produce social smiles in response to stimuli. At 3 months (option C) and 4 months (option D), infants may be more interactive and expressive, but the specific milestone of smiling in response to pleasurable stimuli typically emerges earlier, around 2 months. Educationally, knowing these milestones helps nurses monitor infant development, identify potential delays, and provide appropriate interventions or referrals if needed. It also enhances communication with parents, as nurses can educate them about what to expect at different stages of their child's growth. This knowledge contributes to comprehensive and family-centered nursing care for children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) I can use a music box and soft mobiles as appropriate play activities for my baby. At 2 months old, infants are in the sensory-motor stage of development, where they are exploring the world through their senses. Soft mobiles and music boxes provide visual and auditory stimulation, encouraging the baby's cognitive development and sensory exploration. Option A is incorrect because giving a 2-month-old baby a ball of yarn or textured fabrics can pose a choking hazard as infants at this age tend to explore objects by putting them in their mouths. Option C is incorrect as introducing a cup and spoon or push-pull toys is more suitable for older infants who are starting to develop more fine motor skills. Option D is incorrect because appropriate play activities are crucial even from a young age as they contribute to the infant's cognitive, sensory, and motor development. Educating parents on age-appropriate play activities fosters bonding, stimulates development, and enhances the child's overall well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Playing peek-a-boo. At 7 months old, infants are in the stage of cognitive development where they are exploring object permanence. Playing peek-a-boo helps reinforce this concept as the infant learns that even though they cannot see an object (or person) momentarily, it still exists. This activity also encourages visual tracking, enhances social interaction, and stimulates the infant's curiosity and memory. Option B) Playing pat-a-cake involves more motor skills than visual stimulation. While it is a fun activity for infants, it does not specifically target visual development. Option C) Imitating animal sounds focuses more on auditory stimulation rather than visual stimulation. While it can be entertaining for the infant, it does not directly address visual development. Option D) Showing how to clap hands is more related to motor skill development rather than visual stimulation. While clapping involves hand-eye coordination, it is not as effective in promoting visual tracking and object permanence as playing peek-a-boo. By understanding the developmental stage of the infant and the specific benefits of each play activity, healthcare providers can offer appropriate guidance to parents on engaging their child in activities that support their overall growth and development.